Evaluation of snow cover in CLASS for SnowMIP

Brown, Ross; Bartlett, Paul; Mackay, Murray; Verseghy, Diana

doi:10.3137/ao.440302

Cited by 65 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Since vertical profiles of snow physical properties are not resolved in CLASS and extinction of solar radiation mainly occurs near the surface of snow layers, parameterisations of snow microphysical processes need to account for unresolved processes in the snowpack. The Snow Model Intercomparison Project (SnowMIP) experiments have shown that the performance of CLASS for simulations of the seasonal evolution of snow on land is comparable to that of a multi-layer snowpack model (Brown et al, 2006) despite the use of a single layer of snow.…”

Section: Radiative and Snow Microphysical Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Relative to CanAM4, there are many improvements to the simulation of snow. These include new formulations for vegetation interception of snow , for unloading snow from vegetation (Hedstrom and Pomeroy, 1998), for the albedo of snow-covered canopies (Bartlett and Verseghy, 2015), for limiting snow density as a function of depth (Tabler et al, 1997;Brown et al, 2006), and finally for the thermal conductivity of snow (Sturm et al, 1997). Water retention in snowpacks has also been incorporated.…”

Section: Modelling Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Simulation of black carbon in snow and its climate impact in the Canadian Global Climate Model

2015

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Abstract.A new physically based parameterisation of black carbon (BC) in snow was developed and implemented in the Canadian Atmospheric Global Climate Model (CanAM4.2). Simulated BC snow mixing ratios and BC snow radiative forcings are in good agreement with measurements and results from other models. Simulations with the improved model yield considerable trends in regional BC concentrations in snow and BC snow radiative forcings during the time period from 1950-1959 to 2000-2009. Increases in radiative forcings for Asia and decreases for Europe and North America are found to be associated with changes in BC emissions. Additional sensitivity simulations were performed in order to study the impact of BC emission changes between 1950-1959 and 2000-2009 on surface albedo, snow cover fraction, and surface air temperature. Results from these simulations indicate that impacts of BC emission changes on snow albedos between these 2 decades are small and not significant. Overall, changes in BC concentrations in snow have much smaller impacts on the cryosphere than the net warming surface air temperatures during the second half of the 20th century.

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Section: Radiative and Snow Microphysical Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Modelling Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulation of black carbon in snow and its climate impact in the Canadian Global Climate Model

2015

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“…A snow scheme of this kind, named ISBAExplicit Snow (ES), is currently implemented in SURFEX, within the ISBA land surface model (Noilhan and Planton, 1989;Boone and Etchevers, 2001), and is used operationally for hydrological applications in Météo-France (Habets et al, 2008). Many intermediate complexity snowpacks schemes exist, such as JULES (Best et al, 2011), CLASS (Brown et al, 2006), the Community Land-surface Model (CLM) (Oleson et al, 2010), WEB-DHM (Shrestha et al, 2010), and Snow 17 (Anderson, 1976). Models of this kind have been recently implemented within NWP and Earth's system models such as HTESSEL (Dutra et al, 2010) and RACMO (Kuipers Munneke et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The detailed snowpack scheme Crocus and its implementation in SURFEX v7.2

et al. 2012

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Abstract. Detailed studies of snow cover processes require models that offer a fine description of the snow cover properties. The detailed snowpack model Crocus is such a scheme, and has been run operationally for avalanche forecasting over the French mountains for 20 yr. It is also used for climate or hydrological studies. To extend its potential applications, Crocus has been recently integrated within the framework of the externalized surface module SURFEX. SURFEX computes the exchanges of energy and mass between different types of surface and the atmosphere. It includes in particular the land surface scheme ISBA (Interactions between Soil, Biosphere, and Atmosphere). It allows Crocus to be run either in stand-alone mode, using a time series of forcing meteorological data or in fully coupled mode (explicit or fully implicit numerics) with atmospheric models ranging from meso-scale models to general circulation models. This approach also ensures a full coupling between the snow cover and the soil beneath. Several applications of this new simulation platform are presented. They range from a 1-D standalone simulation (Col de Porte, France) to fully-distributed simulations in complex terrain over a whole mountain range (Massif des Grandes Rousses, France), or in coupled mode such as a surface energy balance and boundary layer simulation over the East Antarctic Ice Sheet (Dome C).

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“…However, many studies have reported a tendency for CLASS to overestimate snow cover duration (Brown et al 2006;Langlois et al 2014;Langlois et al 2004). …”

Section: Land Surface Model: Class V36mentioning

confidence: 99%

Impacts of boreal hydroelectric reservoirs on seasonal climate and precipitation recycling as simulated by the CRCM5: a case study of the La Grande River watershed, Canada

Irambona¹,

Music

Nadeau

et al. 2016

Theor Appl Climatol

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Located in northern Quebec, Canada, eight hydroelectric reservoirs of a 9782-km 2 maximal area cover 6.4% of the La Grande watershed. This study investigates the changes brought by the impoundment of these reservoirs on seasonal climate and precipitation recycling. Two 30-year climate simulations, corresponding to pre-and post-impoundment conditions, were used. They were generated with the fifthgeneration Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM5), fully coupled to a 1D lake model (FLake). Seasonal temperatures and annual energy budget were generally well reproduced by the model, except in spring when a cold bias, probably related to the overestimation of snow cover, was seen. The difference in 2-m temperature shows that reservoirs induce localized warming in winter (+0.7 ± 0.02°C) and cooling in the summer (−0.3 ± 0.02°C). The available energy at the surface increases throughout the year, mostly due to a decrease in surface albedo. Fall latent and sensible heat fluxes are enhanced due to additional energy storage and availability in summer and spring. The changes in precipitation and runoff are within the model internal variability. At the watershed scale, reservoirs induce an additional evaporation of only 5.9 mm year −1 (2%). We use Brubaker's precipitation recycling model to estimate how much of the precipitation is recycled within the watershed. In both simulations, the maximal precipitation recycling occurs in July (less than 6%), indicating weak land-atmosphere coupling. Reservoirs do not seem to affect this coupling, as precipitation recycling only decreased by 0.6% in July.

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Evaluation of snow cover in CLASS for SnowMIP

Cited by 65 publications

References 44 publications

Simulation of black carbon in snow and its climate impact in the Canadian Global Climate Model

Simulation of black carbon in snow and its climate impact in the Canadian Global Climate Model

The detailed snowpack scheme Crocus and its implementation in SURFEX v7.2

Impacts of boreal hydroelectric reservoirs on seasonal climate and precipitation recycling as simulated by the CRCM5: a case study of the La Grande River watershed, Canada

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