Evaluation of sodium fluoride toxicity in Schistosoma infected snails: assessment of antioxidants, antiapoptotic, hypoprotein and hypocholesterol activities

Abstract

The snails' tissues represents an intermediate or secondary host for Schistosoma sporocysts where, germ cells within the secondary sporocyst begin to divide to produce thousands of cercariae capable of infecting humans. The aim of the study was to evaluate the toxicity of sodium fluoride in Schistosoma snails' tissue homogenates. A total number of 264 different Schistosoma snails were collected from eight drainage water resources and divided into control uninfected and infected snails; where infected snails divided into four group; the first group without any treatment while second, third and fourth groups immersed in 25, 50 and 100 mg sodium fluoride/L during the period of 4 weeks then the snails' hemolymph and tissue homogenates were prepared to evaluate the snail' tissue antioxidants, protein content, lipid profile and apoptosis. The results obtained revealed that superoxide dismutase, glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, reduced glutathione, glutathione reductase levels were decreased while malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl, total protein, albumin, globulin, cholesterol, low density lipoprotein and triglycerides levels were increased in Schistosoma infected snails' tissues. Schistosoma also induced apoptosis in snails' tissues homogenates. Sodium fluoride restores all the above parameters to approach the control uninfected snails levels. In conclusion, sodium fluoride inhibits oxidative stress and apoptosis produced in Schistosoma infected snails and consequently it is be useful to be used in Schistosoma infection inhibition where sodium fluoride at higher dose was more effective than the lower two doses.

Impact of Schistosoma sp., Infection on Biological, Feeding, Physiological, Histological, and Genotoxicological Aspects of Biomphalaria alexandrina and Bulinus truncatus Snails

“…In another investigation [ 80 ], it was observed that B. alexandrina snails infected with S. mansoni and B. truncatus snails infected with S. haematobium showed a significant elevation in the activities of glutathione reductase (GR), catalase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Changes in the infected snail tissue homogenates were also reported [ 81 ]. Upon treatment with sodium fluoride, these altered biochemical parameters were restored to their values in control uninfected snails, indicating the ability of sodium fluoride to inhibit oxidative stress and apoptosis in Schistosoma-infected snails [ 81 ].…”

Impact of Schistosoma sp., infection on biological, behavioral, physiological, histological, and genotoxicological aspects of Biomphalaria alexandrina and Bulinus truncatus snails

“…Rizk et al, (2018) reported that B. alexandrina snails infected with S. mansoni and B. truncatus snails infected with S. haematobium demonstrated a high signi cant elevation in glutathione reductase (GR), catalase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities. Changes were also reported in infected snail tissue homogenates(Koriem et al 2016). The mentioned biochemical parameters were restored to their values in control uninfected snails upon treatment with sodium uoride, suggesting its ability to inhibit oxidative stress and apoptosis produced in Schistosoma-infected snails(Koriem et al 2016).…”

“…Changes were also reported in infected snail tissue homogenates(Koriem et al 2016). The mentioned biochemical parameters were restored to their values in control uninfected snails upon treatment with sodium uoride, suggesting its ability to inhibit oxidative stress and apoptosis produced in Schistosoma-infected snails(Koriem et al 2016). In response to parasitic infection, B. alexandrina and B. truncatus snails increase their defensive haemocytes, which generate large volumes of ROS to damage or kill parasite larvae.Steroid hormones testosterone and estradiol were promoted in Biomphalaria at shedding stage, while in Bulinus, they were suppressed.…”

Pomacea canaliculata Ampullar Proteome: A Nematode-Based Bio-Pesticide Induces Changes in Metabolic and Stress-Related Pathways

“…•− to H 2 O 2 [56] and catalase-like isoform X1 (XP_025098387.1) could further detoxify two H 2 O 2 molecules into H 2 O and O 2 [57]. Similarly, glutathione peroxidase-like (XP_025090868.1) protein can consume reduced glutathione for detoxifying H 2 O 2 and also lipid peroxides generated by lipid peroxidation in Schistosoma-infected snails [57], while peroxiredoxin (XP_025109048.1) reduces H 2 O 2 , lipid hydroperoxides and ONOO − .…”

“…•− to H 2 O 2 [56] and catalase-like isoform X1 (XP_025098387.1) could further detoxify two H 2 O 2 molecules into H 2 O and O 2 [57]. Similarly, glutathione peroxidase-like (XP_025090868.1) protein can consume reduced glutathione for detoxifying H 2 O 2 and also lipid peroxides generated by lipid peroxidation in Schistosoma-infected snails [57], while peroxiredoxin (XP_025109048.1) reduces H 2 O 2 , lipid hydroperoxides and ONOO − . Among the identified enzymes, there were several glutathione-S-transferases (XP_025113955.1; XP_025113405.1; XP_025107274.1), which are known to catalyse the nucleophilic attack of reduced glutathione on electrophilic centres of toxic compounds [56].…”