Evaluation of sodium percarbonate as a bath treatment for amoebic gill disease in Atlantic salmon

Taylor, Richard; Slinger, Joel; Lima, Paula C.; English, Chloe J.; Maynard, Ben T.; Samsing, Francisca; McCulloch, Russell; Quezada‐Rodriguez, Petra R.; Wynne, James W.

doi:10.1111/are.14874

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…To obtain AGD-affected fish for freshwater bathing, 49 salmon were added to a constant infection tank (CIT) two weeks before the trial. The CIT is managed to maintain a population of fish that are naturally infected with wild-type N. perurans through cohabitation with previously infected fish [36] and is housed in a biosecure room separated from experimental tanks. The CIT fish were allowed to develop AGD, aimed at high average gill score > 3.0.…”

Section: Agd Bathwater Exposure Trialmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the Infectious Potential of Neoparamoeba perurans Following Freshwater Bathing Treatments

et al. 2021

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Freshwater bathing for 2–3 h is the main treatment to control amoebic gill disease of marine-farmed Atlantic salmon. Recent in vitro studies have demonstrated that amoebae (Neoparamoeba perurans) detach when exposed to freshwater and that some eventually reattach to culture plates when returned to seawater. Here, we evaluated the potential for gill-detached N. perurans to survive a commercially relevant treatment and infect AGD-naïve fish and whether holding used bathwater for up to 6 h post treatment would lower infectivity. AGD-affected fish were bathed in freshwater for 2 h. Naïve salmon were exposed to aliquots of the used bathwater after 2, 4, 6 and 8 h. The inoculation was performed at 30 ppt for 2 h, followed by gradual dilution with seawater. Sampling at 20 days post inoculation (dpi) and 40 dpi confirmed rapid AGD development in fish inoculated in 2 h used bathwater, but a slower AGD development following exposure to 4 h bathwater. AGD signs were variable and reduced following longer bathwater holding times. These results suggest that viable amoebae are likely returned to seawater following commercial freshwater treatments, but that the risk of infection can be reduced by retention of bathwater before release.

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Section: Agd Bathwater Exposure Trialmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the Infectious Potential of Neoparamoeba perurans Following Freshwater Bathing Treatments

et al. 2021

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“…Additionally, collection of large volumes of freshwater from rivers and lakes up to 120 ML/month [4] may place pressure on freshwater resources. To date, alternative bathing approaches to treat AGD have been investigated including oxidisers, such as hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) [5], peracetic acid (PAA) [6], and sodium percarbonate (SPC) [7]. Preliminary studies of H 2 O 2 and PAA have shown positive prospects for freshwater bathing of Atlantic salmon, whilst SPC did not demonstrate any positive outcome.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prospect of Hydroxyl Radical Exposure during Seawater Bathing to Treat Amoebic Gill Disease in Atlantic Salmon

Mahbub

Yeager

2023

Aquaculture Research

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This study aims to undertake hydroxyl (.OH) radical-based preliminary investigations with a view to utilising seawater as a viable alternative to freshwater for the treatment of amoebic gill disease (AGD) in aquaculture industries. The study presents in vitro viability studies of clonal amoebae species to examine the effects of .OH radicals on both parasites and hosts. The study also assesses the toxicity to Chinook salmon cell lines (CHSE-214) in freshwater and 35 ppt seawater via continuous dosing of 35 mM .OH radicals and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for 1.5 to 4 hr, separately at 18°C and 15°C. Comparatively high viability of CHSE-214 (60% in .OH and 50% in H2O2) for a prolonged treatment of up to 4 hr in seawater at 15°C indicates suitability of low seawater temperature while using either .OH or H2O2 during bathing. The viability of CHSE-214 remained relatively stable in seawater (55%–60% in .OH and 50%–60% in H2O2), at both temperatures of 18°C and 15°C. However, at 15°C, a drastic reduction of viability of CHSE-214 in freshwater (from 80% to 48% in .OH and from 70% to 58% in H2O2) has indicated high variations in toxicity levels in freshwater at low temperature. Using DNA staining agents in flow cytometry, the in vitro viability study results in >22.5% mortality of clonal Neoparamoeba perurans (NP), an AGD causative agent, in 35 ppt seawater containing 35 mM .OH radicals via one-off dosing for 1 hour at 15°C. In addition, fast radical consumption is more pronounced in the case of .OH radicals as compared to H2O2 in both freshwater and seawater due to extreme reactivity of the former. Hence, this study suggests that .OH radicals are detrimental to the viability of NP in seawater, and thereby, establishes grounds for further in vivo investigations of using seawater supplemented with continuous dosing of .OH radicals for Atlantic salmon bathing as a treatment of AGD.

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Scalability of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) in industrial applications: A review

Mahbub,

Duke

2023

Journal of Environmental Management

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Evaluation of sodium percarbonate as a bath treatment for amoebic gill disease in Atlantic salmon

Cited by 5 publications

References 41 publications

Evaluation of the Infectious Potential of Neoparamoeba perurans Following Freshwater Bathing Treatments

Evaluation of the Infectious Potential of Neoparamoeba perurans Following Freshwater Bathing Treatments

Prospect of Hydroxyl Radical Exposure during Seawater Bathing to Treat Amoebic Gill Disease in Atlantic Salmon

Scalability of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) in industrial applications: A review

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