Evaluation of solution and rheological properties for hydrophobically associated polyacrylamide copolymer as a promised enhanced oil recovery candidate

El-hoshoudy, A.N.; Desouky, Said E.; Al-Sabagh, A.M.; Betiha, Mohamed A.; El‐Kady, M. Y.; Mahmoud, Soad A.

doi:10.1016/j.ejpe.2016.10.012

Cited by 73 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…The dynamic viscosity (and/or the apparent viscosity) is a critical aspect of polymer-flooding studies. Researchers have reported using Brookfield viscometers [11,25,26,28,29,31,34,36,51,104,110], cone and plate rheometers [12,24,31,61,71], and/or concentric cylinder viscometers [27,31,52,62,105] to characterize their materials. Additionally, specialized (sometimes modular) rheometers have been mentioned in the polymer-flooding literature (see, for example, [45,49,101,103]).…”

Section: Rheological Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Brookfield viscometers can rotate at a fixed rotation speed (which is correlated to a desired shear rate) and measure a spindle's resistance to rotation within the polymer solution (which is correlated to viscosity). Typically, test conditions are selected such that the shear rate is around 7 s −1 [26,28,29,34,36,104,110], since this is a good approximation of the shear rate within an oil reservoir. As such, viscosity measurements taken from Brookfield viscometers are often reported as single values, given a particular shear rate and temperature.…”

Section: Rheological Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As such, viscosity measurements taken from Brookfield viscometers are often reported as single values, given a particular shear rate and temperature. However, they can also be equipped with different geometries for additional analyses (as in [36,51]).…”

Section: Rheological Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of Polymeric Materials for Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery

2020

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Polymer flooding is a promising enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technique; sweeping a reservoir with a dilute polymer solution can significantly improve the overall oil recovery. In this overview, polymeric materials for enhanced oil recovery are described in general terms, with specific emphasis on desirable characteristics for the application. Application-specific properties should be considered when selecting or developing polymers for enhanced oil recovery and should be carefully evaluated. Characterization techniques should be informed by current best practices; several are described herein. Evaluation of fundamental polymer properties (including polymer composition, microstructure, and molecular weight averages); resistance to shear/thermal/chemical degradation; and salinity/hardness compatibility are discussed. Finally, evaluation techniques to establish the polymer flooding performance of candidate EOR materials are described.

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Section: Rheological Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Rheological Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of Polymeric Materials for Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery

2020

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“…In addition to ionic strength, high temperatures of the reservoirs decrease the viscosity reached by the polymer in the aqueous medium . Thus, it would be interesting to develop HPAM derivatives with the ability to increase viscosity under the severe conditions of the reservoir, such as high temperature and high ionic strength …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

HPAM‐g‐PEOPPO: Rheological modifiers in aqueous media of high temperature and high ionic strength

Lima

Marques

Villetti

et al. 2019

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) is widely used as thickener in enhanced oil recovery (EOR), but the high temperature and salinity of oil reservoirs can reduce the viscosity and lead to polymer precipitation. To improve the performance of HPAM in high‐salinity and high‐temperature environments, the responsive amino‐terminated poly(ethylene oxide‐co‐propylene oxide) (PEOPPO) (EO/PO = 19/03) was grafted onto a HPAM backbone. The copolymers were prepared in water using 1‐ethyl‐3‐[3‐(dimethylamino)‐propyl]carbodiimide hydrochloride/N‐hydroxysuccinimide (EDC/NHS) as activators. Structural characterization was performed by 1H NMR and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and the responsive behavior was investigated by UV–Vis and rheology. Spectroscopic analyses confirmed that copolymers were successfully synthesized. UV–Vis showed that copolymers have combined salt and thermoresponsive character. Rheology in saline medium (ionic strength = 3.75 mol.L−1) revealed that, contrary to unmodified HPAM, HPAM‐g‐PEOPPO have thermothickening behavior and also higher viscosity than HPAM at 70 °C, suggesting the utilization of these copolymers as rheological modifiers under harsh conditions of temperature and salinity, such as the ones found in EOR applications. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47453.

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“…Emulsion polymerization carried out below the cloud temperature and above the Kraft temperature [5]. Polymerizable surfactants (surfactants with active double bond) such as sodium dodecyl allyl sulfosuccinate [13,[22][23][24]] also used to produce latexes with chemically bound surface-active groups [5,[25][26][27][28][29][30]31]. Polymerized surfactants (surfactants with active double bond) consist of amphipathic structure comprising hydrophobic tail and hydrophilic head group [32], in addition to polymerized vinyl groups [33] in their molecular structure, which acquire them unique physicochemical properties other than traditional surfactants moieties [34] such as;…”

Section: Surfactantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emulsion Polymerization Mechanism

El-hoshoudy¹

2018

Recent Research in Polymerization

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Emulsion polymerization is a polymerization process with diferent applications on the industrial and academic scale. It involves application of emulsiier to emulsify hydrophobic polymers through aqueous phase by amphipathic emulsiier, then generation of free radicals with either a water or oil soluble initiators. It characterized by reduction of bimolecular termination of free radicals due to segregation of free radicals among the discrete monomer-swollen polymer particles. The latex particles size ranged from 10 nm to 1000 nm in a diameter and are generally spherical. A typical of particle consist of 1-10,000 macromolecules, where macromolecule contains about 100-10 6 monomer units.Keywords: emulsion polymerization, emulsiied monomers, particle nucleation and polymerization mechanism IntroductionEmulsion polymerization is a unique process involves emulsiication of hydrophobic monomers by oil-in water emulsiier, then reaction initiation with either a water soluble initiator (e.g. potassium persulfate (K 2 S 2 O 8 ) or an oil-soluble initiator (e.g. 2,2-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN)) [1,2] in the presence of stabilizer which may be ionic, nonionic or protective colloid to disperse hydrophobic monomer through aqueous solution [3,4]. Typical polymerization monomers involve vinyl monomers of the structure (CH 2 =CH-). These emulsion polymers ind a wide range of applications such as synthetic rubbers, thermoplastics, coatings, adhesives, binders, rheological modiiers, plastic pigments [1]. Emulsion polymerization is a rather complex process because nucleation, growth and stabilization of polymer particles are controlled by the free radical polymerization mechanisms in combination with various colloidal phenomena [1]. Aside from other polymerization techniques, emulsion polymerization afords increasing molecular weight of the formed latexes through decreasing polymerization rate by either decreasing initiator concentration or lowering reaction temperature [5,6].© 2018 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.Systems of emulsion polymerization involve (1) conventional emulsion polymerization, in which a hydrophobic monomer emulsiied in water and polymerization initiated with a watersoluble initiator [5]. (2) Inverse emulsion polymerization [7], where organic solvents of very low polarity as parain or xylene used as a polymerization media to emulsify hydrophilic monomers [5], then initiation proceed with the aid of hydrophobic initiator [5]. These two polymerization types known as oil-in-water (o/w) and water-in-oil (w/o) emulsions [5]. (3) Mini emulsion polymerization involves systems with monomer droplets in water with much smaller droplets than in emulsion polymerization and characterized by monomer droplet =50-1000 nm, surfactant concentration < critical micelle co...

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Evaluation of solution and rheological properties for hydrophobically associated polyacrylamide copolymer as a promised enhanced oil recovery candidate

Cited by 73 publications

References 30 publications

Evaluation of Polymeric Materials for Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery

Evaluation of Polymeric Materials for Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery

HPAM‐g‐PEOPPO: Rheological modifiers in aqueous media of high temperature and high ionic strength

Emulsion Polymerization Mechanism

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