Evaluation of some supports to RuSn catalysts applied to dimethyl adipate hydrogenation

Direct Hydrogenation of Biomass‐Derived Butyric Acid to n‐Butanol over a Ruthenium–Tin Bimetallic Catalyst

“…[14,15] However, explanations of the specific role of tin on selectivity have focused on the contributions of Sn 2 + or Sn 4 + ions, rather than Sn 0 in the Ru-Sn alloy, [14,15] and generally involve a strong interaction between the C=O group and tin cations and electronic interactions with the ruthenium metal. [14,15] However, explanations of the specific role of tin on selectivity have focused on the contributions of Sn 2 + or Sn 4 + ions, rather than Sn 0 in the Ru-Sn alloy, [14,15] and generally involve a strong interaction between the C=O group and tin cations and electronic interactions with the ruthenium metal.…”

“…[14,15] However, explanations of the specific role of tin on selectivity have focused on the contributions of Sn 2 + or Sn 4 + ions, rather than Sn 0 in the Ru-Sn alloy, [14,15] and generally involve a strong interaction between the C=O group and tin cations and electronic interactions with the ruthenium metal. [14,15] Thus, the acidic properties of tin ions activate and polarize the carbonyl group of the carboxylic acid. The electronic interaction of tin with the ruthenium metal is thought to poison the active sites responsible for hydrogen activation.…”

“…[17] However, the characteristics of the support are generally known to dominate the extent of Sn-support and Ru-support interactions. [15,18] Strong metal-support interactions in supported Ru-Sn catalysts may hinder the formation of Ru-Sn alloys. It is therefore assumed that ZnO, as a support material, may provide moderate metal-support interactions to generate the Ru 3 Sn 7 alloy, which is the robust and active phase for hydrogenation.…”

Effects of TiO2 structure and Co addition as a second metal on Ru-based catalysts supported on TiO2 for selective hydrogenation of furfural to FA

“…According to the reduction peak due to the Ru interacting with TiO 2 support in the form of Ru-TiO x sites, the reduction peaks were not significantly different for the Ru/TiO 2 -R, Ru/TiO 2 -P25, and Ru/TiO 2 -A catalysts. In addition, the reduction peak due to the Ru interacting with TiO 2 support for the Ru/TiO 2 -sol was found to appear at lower temperature (323 °C) as compared to the other catalysts, indicating to weaker interaction between Ru and TiO 2 -prepared by sol-gel 28 . Moreover, the partial reduction of TiO 2 -prepared by sol–gel was found to easily occur as shown by the lower reduction temperature at 574 °C which could be explained that its thermodynamic and structure were less stable than the other TiO 2 supports.…”

“…In addition, the selectivity to FA was related to the interaction between Ru and TiO 2 support in the form of Ru-TiO x sites. A close contact between Ru active metal and partially reduced species of TiO 2 support resulted in the surface decoration as the geometric effect and such presence of Ru-TiO x interface sites would create the polarity which favored the interaction of the lone pair electron of oxygen atom of the C=O bond in furfural 28 , 43 . The Ru/TiO 2 -sol showed relatively low selectivity to FA due to weak interaction between Ru and TiO 2 as observed in the shift of Ru-TiO x reduction peak toward lower temperature.…”