“…Positive values represent backward, upward, and leftward displacements on the X, Y, and Z -axis, respectively. The expansion screw is activated by loads of 5.0 N, 10.0 N, 15.0 N, and 20.0 N at 30° forward and downward to the maxillary occlusal plane and 10° leftward to the sagittal plane, and the foramen magnum is fixed ( Figure 3 ) ( Ge et al, 2012 ; Lee and Baek, 2012 ; Lee et al, 2016 ; Shyagali et al, 2023 ). As shown in Figure 4 , ten landmarks include incisive foramen points (a,b), lateral incisor palatal points (c,d), symmetrical points of incisive foramina with the premaxillary suture as the symmetry axis (e,f), canine palatal points (g,h), and the A. subspinales (i,j).…”