Evaluation of Structurally Different Ionic Liquid-Based Surfactants in a Green Microwave-Assisted Extraction for the Flavonoids Profile Determination of Mangifera sp. and Passiflora sp. Leaves from Canary Islands

Abstract

Aqueous solutions of ionic liquids (ILs) with surface active properties were used as extraction solvents, taking advantage of their impressive solvation properties, in a green microwave-assisted solid-liquid extraction method (IL-MA-SLE) for the extraction of flavonoids from passion fruit and mango leaves. The extraction method was combined with high-performance liquid chromatography and photodiode-array detection (HPLC-PDA) and optimized by response surface methodology using the Box-Behnken experimental design. Under optimum conditions, the extraction efficiency of six structurally different IL-based surfactants was evaluated. Thus, imidazolium-, guanidinium- and pyridinium-type ILs with different tailorable characteristics, such as side chain length and multicationic core, were assessed. The decylguanidinium chloride ([C10Gu+][Cl–]) IL-based surfactant was selected as key material given its superior performance and its low cytotoxicity, for the determination of flavonoids of several samples of Passiflora sp. and Mangifera sp. leaves from the Canary Islands, and using as target analytes: rutin, quercetin and apigenin. The analysis of 50 mg of plant material only required 525 µL of the low cytotoxic IL-based surfactant solution at 930 mM, 10.5 min of microwave irradiation at 30 °C and 50 W, which involves a simpler, faster, more efficient and greener method in comparison with other strategies reported in the literature for obtaining bioactive compounds profiles from plants.

Nanomicellar Extraction of Polyphenols—Methodology and Applications Review

“…The authors of discussed works have chosen among the classic compounds, i.e., cationic CTAB, anionic SDS, or the particularly popular non-ionic compounds such as Triton X-100, Triton X-114, or Genapol X-080. The use of ionic liquids (the IL-type surfactants), i.e., decylguanidinium chloride [ 66 ], C 16 C 4 Im-Br [ 67 ], C 12 mim-Cl [ 68 ], and biosurfactants, i.e., trehalose lipid [ 69 ], hyodeoxycholic acid sodium salt [ 70 ], or synthetic sugar surfactant APG0810 [ 71 ] are still the innovations in this field.…”

“…Probably, a greater range of structural variation would allow a better assessment. The authors point out that [C 10 Gu + ][Cl − ] is a golden mean, that results rather from its low toxicity [ 66 ].…”

New phases for analytical scale extraction from plants: Current and future trends

“…and Passiflora spp. leaves [14]. They can also form aqueous biphasic systems (ABS) when the aqueous IL solution is mixed with inorganic salts that promote phase separation and increase analyte(s) enrichment.…”

“…and Passiflora spp. leaves [14]. These derivatives, although more environmentally sustainable, still require a large amount of non-renewable solvents in their synthesis, meaning that the use of anionic or cationic counterparts that are fully or partly derived from natural compounds would therefore be an ideal and sustainable approach to the development of a new generation of biorenewable ILs.…”

Microwave-Assisted Enzymatic Extraction of Flavonoids from Armeniaca mume Sieb. Blossom and Their Immunomodulating Effect in Mice with DSS-Induced Colitis

“…Enzymes are able to break down the plant cell walls to a limited extent. However, microwave-assisted extraction dissolves cell walls, quickly enabling more effective extraction of total flavonoids [ 14 , 15 , 16 ]. Currently, most research is focused on fruits of A. mume Sieb., but not much on its blossom.…”