Evaluation of sub-chronic chlorpyrifos poisoningon immunological and biochemical changes in ratsand protective effect of eugenol

Abstract

Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is one of the most widely used organophosphorus (OP) insecticides until 2000 when the United States Environmental Protection Agency restricted some of its domestic uses due to its toxicity. Despite this, CPF remains one of the most widely used OP insecticides. Eugenol is a flavoring agent used in cosmetic and food products. Furthermore, eugenol acts as a pro-oxidant and as an anti-oxidant, under certain circumstances. Therefore, the present study aims to evaluate the possible immuno-toxicogical consequences produced by CPF on different immunological aspects and to assess the protective role of eugenol in attenuating the CPF-induced immunotoxicity. The changes in humoral and cell mediated-immunity were evaluated by measuring the level of immunoglobulin (IgG), lymphocyte viability, neutrophil phagocytic function assay, total white blood cells count (WBC) and relative differential white blood cells count. On the biochemical level, estimation of nitric oxide (NO) level and catalase activity was also undertaken. The treatment with CPF showed an inhibitory effect on the level of lymphocyte viability, neutrophil phagocytic index, total white blood cells count, relative lymphocyte count, IgG concentration and catalase activity. On the other hand, a high level of NO was detected upon animal treatment with CPF. Interestingly, eugenol pre-and post-treatment to CPF-treated group improved the lymphocyte viability, total white blood cells count, relative lymphocyte count, catalase activity and the NO level. Moreover, eugenol pre-and post-treatment recovered phagocytic activity of neutrophils and restored IgG level. In conclusion, eugenol has protective and curative roles in attenuating the CPF-induced immunotoxicity.

Biochemical and molecular evidences on the protection by magnesium oxide nanoparticles of chlorpyrifos-induced apoptosis in human lymphocytes

“…A previous report has indicated that CP has effects on mortality of the cells such as neurons[ 39 ] by different mechanisms such as cell signaling and starting cascades, and also changing gene transcription factors, which are activated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). [ 40 ] Toxic effect of CP is supported by results of flow cytometry in the present study. As shown in the Figure 4 , in the control group, which was not exhibited to any dose of MgO NPs, lymphocytes were distributed mostly in quarter C (83%) and the rate of apoptotic and necrotic cells was really depressed.…”

Effects of diazinon on some innate resistance parameters in the Caspian pond turtle (Mauremys caspica caspica)

“…A similar decrease in leukocyte counts was observed in rodents intoxicated with other organophosphates, such as chlorpyrifos and monocrotophos (Janardhan & Sisodia, 1990;Elelaimy et al, 2012). Also, exposure to glyphosate (Roundup ® ) -an OP herbicide, induced a decrease in total leukocyte counts in newborn broad snouted caiman (Caiman latirostris) (Siroski et al, 2016).…”

Evaluation of Sublethal Dichlorvos Poisoning on Blood Cells and Enzymes of Clarias anquillaris

“…At the end of the designed period (20 days), Blood samples were collected for haematological analysis. Analysis was based on the method designed by Elelaimy et al (2012). Mean cell haemoglobin (MCH), mean cell volume (MCV) and mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were calculated respectively using standard formular described by Dacie and Lewis (1991).…”