Evaluation of suitable chlorine bulk-decay models for water distribution systems

Effect of Flow Velocity on Chlorine Decay in Water Distribution Network:A Pilot Loop Study

“…This indicated that chlorine dissipated much faster when IC level in piped water is low which could be attributed to the percentage of fast and slow reacting organic matter present in water. Our findings were in line with other studies which suggested that chlorine decay in bulk water does not follow simple first order decay models; therefore, bulk chlorine decay should be modelled taking into consideration the fast and slow reactant organic matter 11 .…”

Real-time ArcGIS and heterotrophic plate count based chloramine disinfectant control in water distribution system

“…5 also shows that control helps to decrease the level of chloramine residual concentration in the water distribution system and correspondingly reduces the dosage of disinfectant in waterworks and decreases the risk from DBPs and flavor issues from chlorine. Other authors (Fisher et al, 2011(Fisher et al, , 2012 have attempted a more complex analysis of the factors driving chloramine loss and disinfection by-product formation in distribution systems. However, we have found that in the two distribution systems that we studied a useful practical approach to controlling regrowth and disinfection by-products using relatively simple analysis.…”

Chlorine dioxide bulk decay prediction in desalinated drinking water

“…The coefficient for pipe wall decay however, must be determined in the field or with pipe segments taken from the distribution system piping. Overall, the relative importance of decay at the pipe wall increases as the pipe diameter decreases because the ratio of water volume to pipe surface area decreases [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20].…”

“…Based on the order of the reaction, the mathematical form for alternative decay models can be proposed as [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]:…”