Evaluation of Sulfated Aluminas Synthesized via the Sol-Gel Method in the Esterification of Oleic Acid With Ethanol

Álvarez, M.; Ortiz, Marlon J.; Ropero, Jose L.; Niño, Martha E; Rayon, Rebeca; Tzompantzi, Francisco; Gómez, R.

doi:10.1080/00986440902831722

Cited by 18 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 29 publications

(27 reference statements)

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“…Esterification reactions are reversible and equilibrium-limited reactions. The reaction equilibrium may be influenced by removing one product from the reaction mixture or using an excess of one reactant. − Both procedures result in obtaining good yields of ester with respect to Le Chatelier’s principle . In this experiment, to shift the reaction equilibrium toward the formation of the EL, excess ethanol was used in the stirred batch reactor.…”

Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of Ethyl Levulinate as a Fuel Bioadditive by a Novel Catalytically Active Pervaporation Membrane

Ünlü

Hilmioğlu

2016

Energy Fuels

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The pervaporation catalytic membrane reactor (PVCMR) is an innovative process where the reactor is combined with a separation unit. The PVCMR consumes less energy than conventional processes and is an environmentally friendly process. The catalytic composite membrane is used in which catalysts are embedded onto the permselective membrane. The production process of ethyl levulinate is a progressive, green, energy-efficient technology by the PVCMR. In present paper, a catalytically active membrane is prepared and used in the synthesis of ethyl levulinate. Ethyl levulinate is one of the fuel bioadditives. A heterogeneous catalyst (silicotungstic acid) was embedded in the membrane. A hydrophilic hydroxyethyl cellulose membrane was prepared. Reaction parameters, such as the temperature, catalyst concentration in the membrane, and initial molar ratio of reactants, were investigated on the conversion of levulinic acid. The reaction performance of the PVCMR and batch reactor was compared, and it was found that the PVCMR showed higher performance with regard to the batch reactor.

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Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of Ethyl Levulinate as a Fuel Bioadditive by a Novel Catalytically Active Pervaporation Membrane

Ünlü

Hilmioğlu

2016

Energy Fuels

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“…Sulfated aluminas are made via the sol-gel method in the esterification of oleic acid with ethanol. During esterification, it exhibits higher catalytic activity than un-sulfated aluminas (Alvarez et al, 2009). Furthermore, Yb 2 O 3 -Al 2 O 3 supported SO 4 2-/ZrO 2 catalyst has also been proven to create optimal esterification because the acid sites of the catalyst are elevated (Yu et al, 2009).…”

Section: Figure 1 Mechanism Of Fischer Esterificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The sulfation of γ-Al 2 O 3 influences its catalytic activity, product selectivity, and glycerol conversion (Rane, 2016), and it significantly increases the acid strength because of the inductive effect on the S=O bond (Alvarez et al, 2009). The structure of SO 4 2-/Al 2 O 3 is presented in Figure 2.…”

Section: Figure 1 Mechanism Of Fischer Esterificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Esterification of p-hydroxybenzoic acid with glucose using a γ-Al2O3/SO4 catalyst

2019

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Esterification of p-hydroxybenzoic acid with glucose can be expected to produce esters. The rate of esterification reaction is usually very slow and, therefore, needs an acid catalyst to accelerate it. This research examined the performance of a heterogeneous catalyst made of γ-Al 2 O 3 impregnated with a protic acid, H 2 SO 4 . The heterogeneous catalyst, γ-Al 2 O 3 /SO 4 , was characterized using FTIR, XRD, XRF, and BET methods. The esterification reactions were conducted using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solvent at a temperature of 100 0 C and observed after they lasted for 1 to 24 hours (reaction time). The esterification of p-hydroxybenzoic acid with glucose used two catalysts, namely 3% SO 4 2-/Al 2 O 3 and 5% SO 4 2-/Al 2 O 3 . The reaction products were analyzed using FTIR, HPLC, nd LC-MS methods. The % yield was the highest at Hour 24 for both catalysts, while the % conversion fluctuated during the esterification time. The LC-MS showed that the three produced esters had molecular weights of 300, 420, and 540.

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“…Thus, an excess alcohol shifts the esterification reaction toward equilibrium. 71 Besides, increasing alcohol amount decreases the viscosity of the reaction mixture and therefore the mass-transfer rate increases. As a result, the conversion of FFA increases.…”

Section: Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review on Biodiesel Production from Various Feedstocks Using 12-Tungstophosphoric Acid (TPA) as a Solid Acid Catalyst Precursor

Baroi

Dalai

2014

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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Solid acid catalysts are an important class of catalysts because of their applications in various organic reactions. A 12-tungstophosphoric acid (TPA) is a member of heteropoly acid (HPA) compounds, which grabbed attention because of its low volatility, low corrosivity, higher activity, and acidity compared to sulfuric acid. However, the major problems of using TPA are its solubility in polar media, and its lower surface area. Therefore, various techniques are applied to use it as heterogeneous catalysts. Biodiesel is a diesel substitute renewable fuel, which is produced from various renewable feedstocks through transesterification or esterification reactions. Acid catalysts can catalyze both transesterification and esterification reactions. For this reason, research has been conducted to study the catalytic activity of various TPA precursory solid acid catalysts for biodiesel production. In this Review, a data mining technique has been applied to extract valuable information from the previously published literature. For this purpose, an artificial neural network (ANN) model has been developed based on the published research data to capture the general trends or to make predictions. Both catalyst properties and reaction conditions are trended and predicted using the network model.

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Evaluation of Sulfated Aluminas Synthesized via the Sol-Gel Method in the Esterification of Oleic Acid With Ethanol

Cited by 18 publications

References 29 publications

Synthesis of Ethyl Levulinate as a Fuel Bioadditive by a Novel Catalytically Active Pervaporation Membrane

Synthesis of Ethyl Levulinate as a Fuel Bioadditive by a Novel Catalytically Active Pervaporation Membrane

Esterification of p-hydroxybenzoic acid with glucose using a γ-Al2O3/SO4 catalyst

Review on Biodiesel Production from Various Feedstocks Using 12-Tungstophosphoric Acid (TPA) as a Solid Acid Catalyst Precursor

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