Evaluation of surfactant‐assisted pressurized hot water extraction for marker compounds in Radix Codonopsis pilosula using liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

Abstract

Evaluation of surfactant-assisted pressurized hot water extraction for marker compounds in Radix Codonopsis pilosula using liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometryIn the move towards the elimination of organic solvents in the extraction process in botanicals, a new method combining surfactant and pressurized hot water extraction (PWHE) with an applied temperature below the boiling point and lower pressure from 10 to 20 bar was developed for the analysis of marker compounds that are reasonably hydrophobic such as tetradeca-4E,12E-diene-8,10-diyne-1,6,7-triol and tetradeca-4E,12E-diene-8,10-diyne-1,6,7-triol-O-b-D-glucoside in Radix Codonopsis pilosula (DangShen). Because reference substances for the proposed botanicals were not available, a method was developed to isolate the marker compounds in Radix Codonopsis pilosula. Other than surfactant-assisted PHWE, the marker compounds present in Radix Codonopsis pilosula were extracted using pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) with methanol and PHWE with a mixture of water/ethanol (80:20). The extracts were analyzed using liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. With surfactant-assisted PHWE, the effects of different added surfactants such as sodium dodecyl sulfate and Triton X-100 was studied. Surfactant assisted PHWE with Triton X-100 proved to be at least equivalent or better compared to Soxhlet extraction in terms of quantitative analysis of marker compounds in Radix Codonopsis pilosula. The method precision was less than 8% (RSD, n = 6). The presence of surfactants in PHWE was found to enhance the solubility of target compounds naturally occurring in medicinal plants.

Proteomic analysis of mouse liver for the evaluation of effects of Scutellariae radix by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry

“…It has been observed that extracts with varying active components or marker compounds are obtained when using different methods of extraction. 15,17,18 This will in turn affect the bioactivity and toxicity of the botanical extracts obtained. Hence, the method of extraction used needs to be validated to ensure that it has the required method precision and extraction efficiencies.…”

“…The method used for solid sample preparation was found to have good method precision and also comparable or higher extraction efficiencies with reference to Soxhlet extraction and sonication, for medicinal plants such as Scutellariae radix, radix glycyrrhizae/liquorice and others. 15,17,18 The amount of extract obtained from the medicinal plant was found to be 112.5 AE 12.6 mg (n ¼ 4), and the baicalein content was determined by HPLC to be 14.26 AE 0.48 mg/g (n ¼ 5). Hence, the plant extracts used were 2.2, 1.12 and 0.45 mg/mL for the high-, mid-and low-dose groups, respectively.…”

Extraction methods and chemical standardization of botanicals and herbal preparations

“…For components, such as tanshinone I and IIA in S. miltiorrhiza, PLE using methanol was found to give comparable or higher extraction efficiencies compared to PHWE with reference to Soxhlet extraction [46]. For the analysis of marker compounds in R. codonopsis pilosula (DangShen), it was observed that PHWE give lower extraction efficiencies compared to Soxhlet extraction [45]. To improve the extraction efficiencies of methods using PHWE, surfactants, such as Triton X-100 and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) may be added into the water to enhance the solubility of target compounds present in the botanicals.…”

“…A novel MAE method had been developed for the extraction and determination of tanshinones (tanshinone IIA, cryptotanshinone and tanshinone I) from the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza with analysis by HPLC [28,29]. Other methods, such as the use of SFE that used carbon dioxide and some form of modifiers had been used [45,48] in the extraction of compounds present in medicinal plants [25,26,30,31].…”

“…A laboratory made system using sub-critical water was developed for the extraction of iridoid glycosides in plant matrix with final determination by micellar-electrokinetic capillary chromatography [44]. In our laboratory, PHWE was applied for the extraction of thermally labile and reasonably polar components, such as berberine in Coptidis rhizoma, glycyrrhizin in Radix glycyrrhizae (liquorice), baicalein in S. radix and marker compounds in Radix codonopsis pilosula [38,45]. An instrumental set-up similar to PLE can be used for PHWE.…”