Evaluation of surra treatment strategies attacking horses and buffaloes in East Sumba District, Nusa Tenggara Timur Province of Indonesia (2010 – 2016)

Abstract

Surra is a disease attacking livestock caused by a flagellated protozoan, <em>Trypanosoma evansi</em>. Indonesia archipelago is reported as an endemic country of the disease, except Sumba Island. However, Surra outbreak occurred in this Island in 2010 due to livestock movement from the neighbour island, Sumbawa. It generated high mortality in livestock, particularly in horses and buffaloes. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Surra treatment strategies in East Sumba District from 2010-2016 and to estimate the incidence of Surra in the next few months (forecast). The treatment strategy of Surra in East Sumba was divided into 2 (two) periods e.g. the first period in 2010-2011 using Isomethamedium as the single drug (period I) and the second period in 2012 - 2016 using a combination between diminazene aceturate as curative and isomethamedium as a prophylactic drug (period II). All data in the present study was obtained from the local livestock agency of East Sumba District from 2010 – 2016 when Surra outbreak occurred. The effectiveness of those two treatment strategies was compared using the proportion test. The results demonstrated that morbidity and mortality of horses and buffaloes were significantly greater in the period I (2010-2011) compared to period II (2012-2016). The treatment strategy in the period II was able to decrease the proportion of morbidity in horses and buffaloes for 1.44% and 0.66%, respectively. Likewise, the proportion of mortality in period II was also less than the period I from 3.79% to 1.30% for horses and from 2.80% to 0.55% for buffaloes. Based on forecasting study analysis using the control program projected with decomposition method for the next 12 months demonstrated that the treatment strategy in the period II could reduce the incidence and death of livestock by Surra. The treatment strategy using a combination between isometamedium and diminazene aceturate in East Sumba District might be more effective compared to using isometamedium alone.<p> </p>

Koinfeksi Fasciola dan Paramphistomum pada Kerbau Lumpur (Bubalus bubalis) di Kabupaten Sumba Timur

“…Kabupaten Sumba Timur diketahui sebagai salah satu wilayah endemis penyakit Surra, yaitu penyakit yang disebabkan oleh protozoa darah Trypanosoma evansi. Laporan mengenai kasus penyakit tersebut hingga kini terus dilaporkan, walaupun upaya pengendalian sudah dilaksanakan (Dewi et al, 2019). Selain Surra, infeksi kecacingan juga merupakan salah satu faktor yang turut berperan dalam menurunkan populasi kerbau di Sumba Timur.…”

Pathogenicity of Philippine and Indonesian Trypanosoma evansi Isolates in Mice and Their Responses to Trypanocides

“…Melarsomine dihydrochloride, as shown in the present study, is effective against the 10 Philippine and Indonesian T. evansi isolates. This drug is not used in the Philippines and Indonesia for surra thus explains the sensitivity of these isolates to the drug (Dobson et al 2009;Dewi et al 2019;Dewi et al 2020). The drug is also effective to treat experimental surra in buffaloes at 0.5 mg kg -1 bw in Mindanao, Philippines (Dargantes et al in preparation).…”

“…In Indonesia, T. evansi was first identified from an outbreak of the disease amongst horses in Semarang in 1897 (Nuryady et al 2019). Furthermore, some outbreaks occurred subsequently in cattle and water buffaloes in East Java, then surra rapidly spread to other islands in Indonesia (Dewi et al 2019;Sawitri et al 2019). The parasite can easily spread between provinces through infected water buffaloes, horses and cattle brought by transmigrating people or dispersed by the government as part of its animal dispersal project (Dargantes et al 2009;Desquesnes et al 2013;Sawitri et al 2019).…”

“…The common drugs used for surra treatment are suramin, diminazene aceturate, quinapyramine and melarsomine (Gressler et al 2015;Shiferaw et al 2015;Gillingwater 2018). However, only two drugs, isometamidium and diminazene aceturate, are officially marketed in Indonesia (Dewi et al 2019;Dewi et al 2020).…”

Detection of Trypanosoma evansi in healthy horses, cattle and buffaloes in East Sumba: eight years after outbreak

“…Surra became a serious threat that might have potentially wiped out the cattle population in Indonesia, especially in Sumba Island, one of the country's main hubs for livestock development. [5] Besides that, Sumba has sandalwood horse germplasm, which has high social and economic functions [6] The Surra outbreak was reported to have caused the deaths of more than 2000 horses, cattle, and buffalo on Sumba in 2010 (direct communication with East Sumba livestock services, 2012). Outbreaks occurred sporadically and were localized, marked by the deaths of thousands of livestock.…”