Evaluation of Susceptibility to Fluconazole and Voriconazole in Oral Candida glabrata Isolates from Drug Addicts

Abstract

Background: Candidiasis is a spectrum of opportunistic fungal diseases that can manifest in drug addicts in various forms, such as stomatitis. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of oral candidiasis caused by Candida glabrata in addicts and examine the susceptibility of isolates to two azoles. Patients and Methods: After taking oral samples from 131 drug addicts suspected of having oral candidiasis, Candida species were identified by culture on chromogenic Candida agar, carbohydrate-assimilation (API test), and polymerase chain reaction. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of fluconazole and voriconazole against the isolates were determined using the broth microdilution method. Data were analyzed by SPSS (version 23) using the t-test and one-way analysis of variance. A P value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Overall, 22.2% of the isolates were C. glabrata, which was more abundant among opiate addicts. Among these isolates, 61.1% were resistant to fluconazole and 44.4% were resistant to voriconazole. The MIC90 of voriconazole was 8 µg/mL, which was 16 times less than that of fluconazole (128 µg/mL). There was no statistically significant difference between the frequency of fluconazole-and voriconazole-resistant isolates (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Oral candidiasis was a common problem among drug addicts. In addition, the prevalence of azole-resistant C. glabrata isolates was high among these individuals.

Exploring the diversity of uncommon oral yeast species and associated risk factors among substance abusers in southwestern Iran

“…To address this gap, we conducted this study in southwestern Iran and identified a noteworthy rate of OYC (67.3%) among drug abusers. Similarly, a study conducted in northeast Iran examined 83 oral samples from individuals with addiction and detected oral candidiasis in 61.8% of patients 19 . In another study conducted in central Iran, PCR results from oral samples showed a high frequency (69.8%) of Candida species among drug abusers 17 .…”

Molecular Identification and Caspofungin Susceptibility Profile in Comparison to Oregano Antifungal Effects on Oral Candida Isolates

“…The demographic data, including age, gender, and clinical history of cancer were documented for each patient. Candida isolates were identified by conventional morphological and biochemical methods (14,15). Finally, Candida species was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) according to company protocol of Candida spp.…”

“…Finally, Candida species was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) according to company protocol of Candida spp. detection kit (Iranian Gene Fanavar Institute, Iran) using 18S rRNA universal primers (14).…”

Frequency of Candida species in the oral cavity of narcotics and stimulants smokers in Isfahan, using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method

“…For example, according to certain studies, C. glabrata has intrinsic resistance to the azoles combinations, whereas Candida dubliniensis has relative resistance to such combinations. [ 30 31 ] The uncontrolled and unconventional use of antifungal drugs makes the species resistant and increases drug resistance, causing a lot of problems.…”