Evaluation of the Adsorption Efficacy of Bentonite on Aflatoxin M1 Levels in Contaminated Milk

Abstract

The existence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in raw milk results in economic losses and public health risks. This research aims to examine the capability of bentonite to adsorb and/or eliminate AFM1 from various raw milk types. In addition, the effects of numerous bentonites (HAFR 1, 2, 3 and 4) on the nutritional characteristics of the milk were studied. Our findings revealed that goat milk had the highest value of AFM1 (490.30 ng/L) in comparison to other milks. AFM1 adsorption was influenced by applying bentonite (0.5 and 1 g) in a concentration-dependent manner for different time intervals (from 0 to 12 h). The percentage of AFM1 reached the maximum adsorption level after 12 h to 100, 98.5 and 98% for bentonites HAFR 3, 1 and 2, respectively. HAFR 3 (1 g bentonite) presented higher adsorption efficiency than other bentonites used in the phosphate buffer saline (PBS) and milk. Residual levels of AFM1 reached their lowest values of 0 and 1.5 ng/L while using HAFR 3 in PBS and milk, respectively. With regard to the influence of bentonite on the nutritional characteristics of milk, there was an increase in fat, protein and solid non-fat ratio while using HAFR 3 and 4, yet decreased lactose in comparison with the control. Scanning Electron Microscopy and Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy both identified bentonites as superior AFM1 binders. The results demonstrated that bentonite, particularly HAFR 3, was the most effective adsorbent and could thus be a promising candidate for the decontamination of AFM1 in milk.

The Occurrence and Health Risk Assessment of Aflatoxin M1 in Raw Cow Milk Collected from Tunisia during a Hot Lactating Season

“…In a previous Sudanese investigation, Ali et al [ 26 ] also revealed AFM1 in all raw milk samples tested with concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 2.52 µg/L. In 2023, Hamed et al [ 27 ] used HPLC-FD to analyze raw cow milk from Egypt, and detected AFM1 in 88% of samples with a maximum concentration of 0.122.…”

The content of aflatoxin M1 in the milk of cows from Turkish farms: the effect on milk quality and the effectiveness of mycotoxin binding by a claybased adsorbent

“…В ходе этой трансформации AFB1 вызывает образование реактивных перекисей. Компоненты молока коров, особенно жир, обезжиренные сухие вещества и белки, подвергаются воздействию присутствия AFM1, и их уровень снижается [3]. Это было связано с нарушением иммунного ответа у молочных коров из-за негативного влияния AFM1 [4,5].…”

Avaliação da eficácia de diferentes adsorventes para redução de efeitos tóxicos combinados de micotoxinas na alimentação de vacas em lactação

“…Yang et al, 2020). Medidas de manejo adequadas e estratégias de prevenção, como o uso de aditivos antimicotoxinas, podem ser necessárias para garantir a segurança e o desempenho adequado dos animais (Assaf et al, 2019;Gallo et al, 2020;Hamad et al, 2023;Luo et al, 2020;Rosim et al, 2018;Vila-Donat et al, 2019).…”

“…A busca por soluções viáveis levou à exploração de aditivos alimentares antimicotoxinas como uma abordagem promissora para reduzir os riscos da exposição das vacas em lactação às micotoxinas. Os aditivos antimicotoxinas, capazes de se ligar às micotoxinas e reduzir sua biodisponibilidade (Almeida Rego et al, 2021;Hamad et al, 2023), oferecem a possibilidade de minimizar os impactos negativos das micotoxinas na saúde e no desempenho dos bovinos.…”