Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity and safety of Rhus vulgaris (Anacardiaceae) extracts

Mutuku, Angela Mwende; Mwamburi, Lizzy A.; Keter, Lucia; Ondicho, Joyce; Korir, Richard; Kuria, James; Chemweno, Timothy; Mwitari, Peter

doi:10.1186/s12906-020-03063-7

Cited by 12 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Plants can protect themselves from biotic or abiotic stress through the synthesis of secondary metabolites. It has been revealed by phytochemical studies that the secondary metabolites contain alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, and phenols (Mutuku et al, 2020 ). Under the wild condition, grazing can cause changes in the content of secondary metabolites (Liu et al, 2019b ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth-Defense Trade-Offs Induced by Long-term Overgrazing Could Act as a Stress Memory

Cheng

Gao

et al. 2022

Front. Plant Sci.

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Long-term overgrazing (OG) is one of the key drivers of global grassland degradation with severe loss of productivity and ecosystem functions, which may result in stress memory such as smaller stature of grassland plants. However, how the OG-induced stress memory could be regulated by phytohormones is unknown. In this study, we investigated the changes of four phytohormones of cloned offspring of Leymus chinensis that were developed from no-grazing (NG) plants and OG plants with a grazing history of 30 years. The concentrations of auxin (IAA) and gibberellic acid (GA) in OG plant leaves were 45% and 20% lower than control, respectively. Meanwhile, the level of abscisic acid (ABA) in OG leaves nearly doubled compared with that in NG leaves. The situation was quite similar in roots. Unexpectedly, no significant changes in the jasmonic acid (JA) level were observed between OG and NG plants. The changes in gene expression patterns between OG and NG plants were also investigated by transcriptomic analysis. In total, 302 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between OG and NG plants, which were mainly classified into the functions of synthesis, receptor, and signal transduction processes of phytohormones. The expression of 24 key genes related to the biosynthesis and signal transduction of IAA and GA was downregulated in OG plants. Among them, OASA1 and AO1 (regulating the biosynthesis of IAA and ABA, respectively) were reduced significantly by 88 and 92%, respectively. In addition, the content of secondary metabolites related to plant defense such as flavonoids and phenols was also increased in leaves. Taken together, the decrease of positive plant growth-related hormones (IAA and GA) together with the increase of plant stress-related hormones or factors (ABA, flavonoids, and phenols) induced the growth-defense trade-offs for L. chinensis adaptation to long-term OG stress. The findings reported in this study shed new light on the mechanism of plant–animal interaction in the grassland ecosystem and provide a deeper insight into optimizing grazing management and sustainable utilization of grassland.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth-Defense Trade-Offs Induced by Long-term Overgrazing Could Act as a Stress Memory

Cheng

Gao

et al. 2022

Front. Plant Sci.

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“…Moreover, there was no mortality recorded at 5000 mg/kg [ 215 ] 33 Podocarpus falcactus Ap AQ Female Sprague Dawley rats (260–300 g) 2000 > 2000 The rats showed neither mortality nor gross behavioral changes and mortality at 2000 mg/kg of body weight [ 216 ] 34 Ruta chalepensis Ar ET Male Swiss albino mice (25–30 g) 1600, 3000 & 5000 > 5000 The extract didn’t trigger mortality nor macroscopic tissue injury or weight loss at 5000 mg/kg per body weight [ 164 ] 35 Rhus vulgaris SB AQ, Female Swiss albino mice (18–26 g) 50, 300 & 2000 > 2000 The mice were devoid of changes in general appearance and behavioral patterns. In addition, there was no mortality or gross pathology in any organ at necropsy [ 217 ] 36 Securidaca longepedunculata L, S & R AQ & ME/CH (1:1) Swiss female mice (20–22 g) 50, 300 & 2000 > 2000 The AQ total extracts of leaves and stembark did not show any change in behavior following administration of the crude extracts at 2000 mg/kg of body weight [ 218 ] 37 Sida rhombifolia Ar ET Adult male Wistar albino rats (180–220 g) 2000 > 2000 There were no visible overt signs of toxicity and mortality in rats treated with 2000 mg/kg of the extract ...…”

Section: Pharmacological Evidence Of Reported Medicinal Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Medicinal plants utilized in the management of epilepsy in Ethiopia: ethnobotany, pharmacology and phytochemistry

Birhan

2022

Chin Med

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Epilepsy is a common central nervous system (CNS) disorder that affects 50 million people worldwide. Patients with status epilepticus (SE) suffer from devastating comorbidities and a high incidence of mortalities. Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are the mainstream treatment options for the symptomatic relief of epilepsy. The incidence of refractory epilepsy and the dose-dependent neurotoxicity of AEDs such as fatigue, cognitive impairment, dizziness, attention-deficit behavior, and other side effects are the major bottlenecks in epilepsy treatment. In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), epilepsy patients failed to adhere to the AEDs regimens and consider other options such as complementary and alternative medicines (CAMs) to relieve pain due to status epilepticus (SE). Plant-based CAMs are widely employed for the treatment of epilepsy across the globe including Ethiopia. The current review documented around 96 plant species (PS) that are often used for the treatment of epilepsy in Ethiopia. It also described the in vivo anticonvulsant activities and toxicity profiles of the antiepileptic medicinal plants (MPs). Moreover, the phytochemical constituents of MPs with profound anticonvulsant effects were also assessed. The result reiterated that a lot has to be done to show the association between herbal-based epilepsy treatment and in vivo pharmacological activities of MPs regarding their mechanism of action (MOA), toxicity profiles, and bioactive constituents so that they can advance into the clinics and serve as a treatment option for epilepsy.

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“…R. vulgaris methanolic extract (1000 mg/kg) showed greater antiinflammatory activity compared to indomethacin (10 mg/kg), the standard anti-inflammatory drug, with a decrease in inflammation for up to 90 min. The dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and aqueous extracts of R. vulgaris stem bark, root, and leaves have exhibited moderate to toxic toxicity against brine shrimp with LC50 values ranging from 3.55 μg/ml to 734.06 μg/ml while cyclophosphamide, the positive control, demonstrated an LC50 value of 15.28 μg/ml [9]. The other reports describe isolations of new biflavonoids on the genus Rhus.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Total Phenolic, Total Flavonoid Content And Antioxidant Activity of Rhus Vulgaris

Belew

W/Hana

Meshesha

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Background: Rhus vulgaris is rich in various classes of polyphenols and flavonoids that act as free radical scavengers and reduce oxidative stress and cure various harmful human diseases. The plant is a traditionally known medicinal plant which is used against a number of diseases including cancer. Methods: The current investigation points towards the investigating quantitative phenolic contents, flavonoid contents and the free radical scavenging activity & antioxidant activity of Rhus vulgaris extract in n-hexane, acetone, and 80% of aqueous methanol. The phenolic contents were estimated by Folin–Ciocalteu procedure and gallic acid as a reference molecule whereas the total flavonoid contents were determined by using aluminum chloride and catechin. In addition, the dilution serial method was used to evaluate the leaves extract of rhus vulgaris, and the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method was utilized to assess the above-mentioned extracts against oxidative stress. Results: The result revealed that the ranges of total phenolic content from 5.82 ± 4.6 to 83.15 ± 7.6 mg GAE/g of the dry weight of extract, expressed as gallic acid equivalents. The total flavonoid concentrations were varied from 2.21 ± 7.34to 23.47 ± 4.87 mg CE/g, expressed as catechin equivalents. Antioxidant activity of extracts was expressed as the concentration of DPPH radical’s inhibition ranges from 1.2 ± 0.32 to 22.86 ± 3.71 mg AAE/ g. Conclusion: The 80% aqueous methanolic extract of Rhus vulgaris showed the highest phenolic and flavonoid contents and strong antioxidant potential and it could be used as antibiotics for different curable and incurable diseases.

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Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity and safety of Rhus vulgaris (Anacardiaceae) extracts

Cited by 12 publications

References 27 publications

Growth-Defense Trade-Offs Induced by Long-term Overgrazing Could Act as a Stress Memory

Growth-Defense Trade-Offs Induced by Long-term Overgrazing Could Act as a Stress Memory

Medicinal plants utilized in the management of epilepsy in Ethiopia: ethnobotany, pharmacology and phytochemistry

Evaluation of Total Phenolic, Total Flavonoid Content And Antioxidant Activity of Rhus Vulgaris

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