8The development of concrete corrosion in new sewer pipes undergoes an initiation process 9 before reaching an active corrosion stage. This initiation period is assumed to last several 10 months to years but the key factors affecting the process, and its duration, are not well 11 understood. This study is therefore focused on this initial stage of the corrosion process and 12 the effect of key environmental factors. Such knowledge is important for the effective 13 management of corrosion in new sewers, as every year of life extension of such systems has a 14 very high financial benefit. This long-term (4.5 year) study has been conducted in purpose-15 built corrosion chambers that closely simulated the sewer environment, but with control of 16 three key environmental factors being hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) gas phase concentration, 17 relative humidity and air temperature. Fresh concrete coupons, cut from an industry-standard 18 sewer pipe, were exposed to the corrosive conditions in the chambers, both in the gas phase 19 and partially submerged in wastewater. A total of 36 exposure conditions were investigated to 20 determine the controlling factors by regular retrieval of concrete coupons for detailed analysis 21 of surface pH, sulfur compounds (elemental sulfur and sulfate) and concrete mass loss. 22
M A N U S C R I P T A C C E P T E D ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT2 Corrosion initiation times were thus determined for different exposure conditions. It was 23 found that the corrosion initiation time of both gas-phase and partially-submerged coupons 24 was positively correlated with the gas phase H 2 S concentration, but only at levels of 10 ppm 25 or below, indicating that sulfide oxidation rate rather than the H 2 S concentration was the 26 limiting factor during the initiation stage. Relative humidity also played a role for the 27 corrosion initiation of the gas-phase coupons. However, the partially-submerged coupons 28were not affected by humidity as these coupons were in direct contact with the sewage and 29 hence did have sufficient moisture to enable the microbial processes to proceed. The 30 corrosion initiation time was also shortened by higher gas temperature due to its positive 31 impact on reaction kinetics. These findings provide real opportunities for pro-active sewer 32 asset management with the aim to delay the on-set of the corrosion processes, and hence 33 extend the service life of sewers, through improved prediction and optimization capacity. 34 35