Evaluation of the Climate Extremes Index over the United States using 20th and mid‐21st century North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program data

Abstract

Much of our current risk assessment, especially for extreme events and natural disasters, comes from the assumption that the likelihood of future extreme events can be predicted based on the past. However, as global temperatures rise, established climate ranges may no longer be applicable, as historic records for extremes such as heat waves and floods may no longer accurately predict the changing future climate. To assess extremes (present‐day and future) over the contiguous United States, we used NOAA's Climate Extremes Index (CEI), which evaluates extremes in maximum and minimum temperature, extreme one‐day precipitation, days without precipitation, and the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI). The CEI is a spatially sensitive index that uses percentile‐based thresholds rather than absolute values to determine climate “extremeness” and is thus well‐suited to compare extreme climate across regions. We used regional climate model data from the North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program (NARCCAP) to compare a late 20th century reference period to a mid‐21st century “business as usual” (SRES A2) greenhouse gas‐forcing scenario. Results show a universal increase in extreme hot temperatures across all models, with annual average maximum and minimum temperatures exceeding 90th percentile thresholds consistently across the continental United States. Results for precipitation indicators have greater spatial variability from model to model, but indicate an overall movement towards less frequent but more extreme precipitation days in the future. Due to this difference in response between temperature and precipitation, the mid‐21st century CEI is primarily an index of temperature extremes, with 90th percentile temperatures contributing disproportionately to the overall increase in climate extremeness. We also examine the efficacy of the PDSI in this context in comparison to other drought indices.

Extreme climate events and future population exposure under climate change in the Huaihe River basin of China based on CMIP6 multimodel ensembles projections

“…Previous studies have analysed the trends and variabilities of climate extremes at the global (Ju et al, 2021;Kay, 2020;Kim et al, 2020;Zhao et al, 2022), continental (Aiken & Rauscher, 2020;Kamae et al, 2021;Park & Min, 2019;Zhou et al, 2023) and national (Duan et al, 2019;Xu et al, 2019aXu et al, , 2019bYan et al, 2022) scales. As a region most profoundly impacted by climate change, China is facing greater challenges in dealing with global warming (Deng & Zhu, 2021;Sun et al, 2021;Yan et al, 2022).…”

Extreme historical droughts and floods in the Hanjiang River Basin, China, since 1426

“…Global climate warming has been affirmed in academic circles, and the global surface temperature increase in the 21st century will probably exceed 1.5-2.5 • C (IPCC, 2014). The climate warming not only directly affects changes in temperature extremes but also lead to changes in the frequency of regional droughts and floods (Goswami et al, 2006;Krysanova et al, 2008;Dai, 2013;Aiken and Rauscher, 2019). The IPCC Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) states that 3-4 billion people globally would face physical water scarcity under 2.0 and 4.0 • C warming scenarios (IPCC, 2022).…”