Evaluation of the clinical and analgesic effects of subarachnoid ketamine-lidocaine administration in goats undergoing mastectomy

Abstract

Twenty adult female goats affected with chronic mastitis were subjected to mastectomy or hemimastectomy under subarachnoid regional analgesia using a ketaminelidocaine combination. Ketamine at 1.5 mg/kg and lidocaine hydrochloride at 1.25 mg/kg were administered intrathecally at the lumbosacral intervertebral space. Goats were then subjected to a 120-minute observation period for systemic or neurotoxic symptoms such as agitation, restlessness, hind limb paralysis, or seizures. In addition, analgesia of the caudal abdominal region and signs of systemic sedation were scored on a scale of 0-3. Heart rate, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature were also recorded prior to (baseline values) and at 5, 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes after administration. Mastectomy or hemimastectomy operation was carried out after full assurance of the analgesic effect on the udder and caudal abdominal region. Time of onset of surgical analgesia (score 3) was achieved at 15 minutes and lasted for 60 minutes. Maximal sedation score was recorded at 15 minutes and lasted for 60 minutes, then decreased thereafter, with the lowest sedation score recorded at 120 minutes. There was a significant (P,0.05) rise in heart rate at some point between 5-90 minutes, while the respiratory rate and rectal temperature did not change significantly from baseline values. Postoperatively, animals did not show any signs of pain or discomfort. Follow-up on the operated goats showed that all wounds were fully healed without any significant complications. In goats, intrathecal administration of ketaminelidocaine combination resulted in a safe and effective analgesia of the caudal abdominal and udder region sufficient to perform mastectomy or hemimastectomy.

Subarachnoid ketamine and ketamine s (+) associated with lidocaine in sheep and goats anesthesia

“…No significant differences or abnormalities in temperature, heart and respiratory rates were observed among times inside each experimental group or between groups ( Table 1 ). This is in accordance with previous results ( Daradka & Ismail, 2014 ; De Rossi, Junqueira, Lopes & Beretta, 2005 ). None of the animals presented regurgitation or ruminal bloating.…”

“…Subarachnoid anesthesia protocol used in this study promoted surgical analgesia, allowing 100% of bilateral recumbent orchiectomies with only mild sedation of the animals, without changing cardiorespiratory parameters, promoting regurgitation or bloating. Daradka and Ismail (2014) showed that RS-ketamine at 1.5 mg/kg and lidocaine at 1.25 mg/kg administered intrathecally at the lumbosacral intervertebral space provided safe and effective analgesia of the caudal abdominal and udder region sufficient to perform mastectomy or hemimastectomy in goats. However, the animals delayed 15 min to reach the maximal analgesia and presented significant rise in heart rate at some point between 5 and 90 min.…”

“…The degree of sedation was assessed by the following scale: 1) consciousness: animal was aware of its surrounding and resisted restraint (no sedation), 2) mild sedation: animal attempted to raise its head, move its forelimbs, and had a closed mouth and open eyes, 3) moderate sedation: animal relaxed on the table, moved forelimbs, and had a closed mouth and open eyes, 4) severe sedation: animal relaxed on the table with extended neck and closed mouth and eyes ( Daradka & Ismail, 2014 ). The scrotum skin was tested for analgesia using a 21 -gage x 25 mm sterile hypodermic needle.…”