Evaluation of the Compatibility of Organosolv Lignin-Graphene Nanoplatelets with Photo-Curable Polyurethane in Stereolithography 3D Printing

Abstract

In this study, lignin has been extracted from oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) fibers via an organosolv process. The organosolv lignin obtained was defined by the presence of hydroxyl-containing molecules, such as guaiacyl and syringyl, and by the presence of phenolic molecules in lignin. Subsequently, the extracted organosolv lignin and graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) were utilized as filler and reinforcement in photo-curable polyurethane (PU), which is used in stereolithography 3D printing. The compatibility as well as the characteristic and structural changes of the composite were identified through the mechanical properties of the 3D-printed composites. Furthermore, the tensile strength of the composited lignin and graphene shows significant improvement as high as 27%. The hardness of the photo-curable PU composites measured by nanoindentation exhibited an enormous improvement for 0.6% of lignin-graphene at 92.49 MPa with 238% increment when compared with unmodified PU.

Sustainable Photopolymers in 3D Printing: A Review on Biobased, Biodegradable, and Recyclable Alternatives

“…A similar trend was observed by Ibrahim et al. [ 52 ] Organosolv lignin and lignin with 10% graphene (lignin‐G) were used to reinforce a polyurethane resin. Tensile strength and stiffness improved with incorporation of lignin up to 0.6% w/w.…”

“…Reproduced under the terms of the Creative Commons CC BY license. [ 52 ] Copyright 2019, the Authors. published by MDPI.…”

3D Printing of UV-Curable Polyurethane Incorporated with Surface-Grafted Nanocellulose

“…On another note, the tensile strength and Young's modulus of the samples were determined using Instron®Electromechanical Universal Testing Systems 3300 Series at 500 mm/min with a load cell of 1 kN. The high loading rates was chosen based on the reproducibility of results for tensile strength and compliance with the previous study [24,25]. The micrograph of the cross-section 3D-printed samples after tensile testing was observed by a field emission scanning electron microscope, FESEM (Merlin Compact, Zeiss Pvt Ltd., Oberkochen, Germany), and the element mapping was monitored by energy dispersive X-ray analysis, EDX (Oxford Instruments GmbH, Wiesbaden, Germany).…”

Extending Cellulose-Based Polymers Application in Additive Manufacturing Technology: A Review of Recent Approaches

“…Lignocellulosic biomass, which presents in the form of discarded industrial waste and agricultural residues, represents the most abundant and sustainable resource available [ 8 ]. The main constituents in the lignocellulosic biomass are cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose and the compositions differ for different types of biomass [ 9 , 10 ]. Cellulose and hemicellulose comprise polysaccharide chains, whereas lignin consists of irregular three-dimensional and branched phenolic polymers, and the material is also amorphous in nature [ 11 , 12 ].…”