Evaluation of the conjunctival fungal flora and its susceptibility to antifungal agents in healthy horses in Switzerland

Voelter-Ratson, Katrin; Monod, Michel; Unger, Lucia; Spiess, Bernhard M.; Pot, Simon A.

doi:10.1111/vop.12088

Cited by 24 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…In our study, we observed a positive fungal culture result for 15% swabs, with Aspergillus species Scopulariopsis species and Penicillium species being the most frequently isolated fungi. The same fungal population is frequently reported in horses and donkeys (Voelter‐Ratson et al ). This low prevalence was unexpected considering the bedding and feeding habits in rabbits.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

“…Regarding the conjunctival fungal flora, there are multiple reports on various species, including horses, cattle, dogs and cats, but to our knowledge, no information is available on rabbits (Samuelson et al , Nardoni et al , Johns et al , Voelter‐Ratson et al , Verneuil et al ). In our study, we observed a positive fungal culture result for 15% swabs, with Aspergillus species Scopulariopsis species and Penicillium species being the most frequently isolated fungi.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Conjunctival bacterial and fungal flora and cutaneous fungal flora in healthy domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Bourguet

Desprez

Volait

et al. 2019

J of Small Animal Practice

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Objectives To determine the normal conjunctival bacterial and fungal flora in healthy rabbits, to compare the fungal flora from the conjunctival sac with periocular cutaneous fungal flora and to evaluate potential changes in type of micro‐organisms over time. Materials and Methods Samples from 50 pet rabbits with a normal ophthalmic examination were obtained from conjunctival sacs using sterile cotton swabs and from the interpupillary skin space using a piece of sterile carpet. Samples were collected twice, 4 weeks apart, and cultured to evaluate bacterial and fungal populations. Results Bacteria were recovered from 35.9% of conjunctival swabs. Corynebacterium species (32.4%), Staphylococcus species (18.3%), Pasteurella species (9.9%) and Moraxella species (8.5%) were the most frequently isolated organisms. Fungi were recovered from 14.6% of conjunctival swabs. The most common fungal genera were Aspergillus (37%), Scopulariopsis (14.8%) and Penicillium (11.1%). Fungal cultures from periocular integument yielded positive results in 96.3% of samples; the same fungal organism was isolated in both conjunctival and cutaneous culture in nine of 20 rabbits (45%). When comparing results 4 weeks apart in 32 of 50 animals, only three rabbits with a positive bacterial culture and one rabbit with a positive fungal culture had the same result at the subsequent test. Clinical Significance Fungi and bacteria isolated from the conjunctival sac of rabbits may represent transient seeding from the environment. To our knowledge, this is the first report of fungal composition of the conjunctival sac of rabbits and evaluation of the potential transient nature of both bacterial and fungal composition of this conjunctival flora.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conjunctival bacterial and fungal flora and cutaneous fungal flora in healthy domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Bourguet

Desprez

Volait

et al. 2019

J of Small Animal Practice

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“…Our study also showed high susceptibility to fluoroquinolones. Testing of fungal isolates in these earlier studies had high susceptibility to natamycin, nystatin, and miconazole, but low susceptibility to fluconazole and ketoconazole, while a recent study demonstrated that most fungi were susceptible to voriconazole and itraconazole, but more resistant to fluconazole . Our study also supports that both filamentous molds and yeasts were more resistant to fluconazole.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These organisms are often contaminants from the local environment . Fungal organisms isolated from the normal equine eye include Aspergillus spp., Cladosporium spp., Penicillium spp., Fusarium spp., Alternaria spp., Chrysosporium spp., and Candida spp. Housing, breed and season affected the frequency of fungal isolation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of bacteria and fungi sampled from the conjunctival surface of normal horses in South‐East Queensland, Australia

Hampson

Gibson

Barot

et al. 2018

Veterinary Ophthalmology

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“…5), [3].Häufige Erreger ulzerativer Keratomykosen beim Pferd weltweit sind Aspergillus, Fusarium und Penicillium spp. [2,6,17].…”

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Keratomykose beim Pferd

McMullen¹

2014

pferde spiegel

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Zusammenfassung Die Keratomykose beim Pferd ist eine äußerst gravierende und schwierig zu behandelnde Hornhauterkrankung, die nicht selten zum Verlust des Auges führt. Bei jeder stromalen Infiltration nach Hornhautverletzung und lokaler Antibiotika-und/oder Kortisonbehandlung soll eine Pilzkeratitis in Betracht gezogen und ein Hornhautzytologie vorgenommen werden. Absterbende Pilze setzen Toxine frei und verursachen eine massive Uveitis. Daher muss neben der lokalen antimykotischen, auch eine intensive lokale und systemische antiphlogistische Behandlung erfolgen. Um die Pilzbeladung der Kornea zu minimieren, empfiehlt es sich, zunächst ein Debridement oder eine Keratektomie des Infektionsherdes durchzuführen. Sitzen die Pilze tief stromal und besteht eine Perforationsgefahr, muss zusätzlich ein Bindehautlappen in den Hornhautdefekt eingenäht werden. Am Beispiel von 18 Pferden, die in der Zeit von 1991 bis 1999 in unserer Klinik mit einer Keratomykose vorgestellt wurden, werden Symptomatik, Diagnostik sowie Therapiemöglichkeiten aufgezeigt. Equine keratomycosis is a severe disease, difficult to manage and always carrying a grave prognosis. Eyes may be lost due to fungal keratitis. Keratomycosis must be ruled out in every case of stromal keratitis, especially after previous glucocorticoid therapy. Corneal cytology is best suited to identify fungal elements. Degenerating fungi release endotoxins which cause a dramatic exacerbation of the accompanying uveitis. It is therefore mandatory to combine antifungal therapy with topical and systemic nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. To decrease the load of fungi vigorous debridement and/or keratectomy is indicated. Deep stromal mycosis often necessitates conjunctival pedicle grafts or penetrating keratoplasties. The relevant literature is reviewed. Based on 18 cases seen between 1991 and 1999 in our clinic clinical signs, diagnosis and management of equine keratomycosis are discussed.

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Evaluation of the conjunctival fungal flora and its susceptibility to antifungal agents in healthy horses in Switzerland

Abstract: A large range of fungal mold species was identified including A. fumigatus and E. amstelodami, which have been causative agents of keratomycosis in Switzerland. Best in vitro susceptibility results for these two species were obtained for voriconazole.

Cited by 24 publications

References 39 publications

Conjunctival bacterial and fungal flora and cutaneous fungal flora in healthy domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Conjunctival bacterial and fungal flora and cutaneous fungal flora in healthy domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Identification of bacteria and fungi sampled from the conjunctival surface of normal horses in South‐East Queensland, Australia

Keratomykose beim Pferd

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