Evaluation of the Cytological Changes of the Oral Mucosa Among Smokers in Al Madinah Al Munawara Using Argyrophilic Nucleolar Organizer Region (AgNOR) Counts and Papanicolaus Stain

Altom, Faris M; Bedair, Ghaidaa Y; Eysawi, Eman  A; Hammoudah, Dalya  K; Khoja, Lina  A; Yaseen, Rahaf  A; Sabooni, Ghazal  M; Al Qahtani, Zainah  A

doi:10.7759/cureus.39367

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 14 publications

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“…P16 is a tumor suppressor protein that controls the cell cycle and stops cells from multiplying [6]. It is also known as cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Cellular Changes and Immunohistochemistry Expression of p53 and p16 in the Oral Mucosa Among Saudi Smokers

Elmahdi,

Mostafa,

Eldib

et al. 2024

Cureus

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Background: Smoking is a well-known risk factor for various health problems, including oral cancer. P16 and P53 proteins are involved in cell cycle regulation and proliferation, and their expression levels can provide insights into cellular health. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the cellular changes and immunohistochemistry expression of p53 and p16 in the oral mucosa among Saudi smokers. Method: In a cross-sectional study obtained by scraping the buccal mucosa, 1000 samples were collected from 2022 to 2023. All of the study's participants were Saudi citizens of both genders. Seven hundred cigarette smokers and 300 nonsmokers made up the controls, using two sampling techniques: initially purposive and then snowball sampling. The materials were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis for P16 and P53 protein overexpression. The samples were scored based on the percentage of positively stained cells and staining intensity. The data were analyzed using SPSS, and categorical variables were identified as frequencies and percentages using the chi-squared test; a value of (P<0.05) was considered significant. Result: Cigarette smokers demonstrate significantly higher rates of cytological inflammation, reverse cytological infection, atypia, and binucleated/multinucleated cells compared to nonsmokers, with an overall abnormal result rate of 46% versus 18.7%, respectively (P=0.024). The study found higher P53 and P16 expression among smokers (7.14% and 2.14%, respectively) compared to nonsmokers (0.1% and 0.33%) (P=0.038). No significant differences were observed in P53/P16 expression across age groups (P=0.72) or between male and female participants (P=0.25). Conclusion: These findings highlight the detrimental effects of smoking on cellular health and reinforce the importance of smoking cessation in reducing the risk of developing cytological abnormalities and associated diseases. These results highlight the association of smoking with increased biomarker expression, emphasizing its relevance in understanding oral health risks.

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“…P16 is a tumor suppressor protein that controls the cell cycle and stops cells from multiplying [6]. It is also known as cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Cellular Changes and Immunohistochemistry Expression of p53 and p16 in the Oral Mucosa Among Saudi Smokers

Elmahdi,

Mostafa,

Eldib

et al. 2024

Cureus

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Assessment of P16 and Ki‐67 Proteins Immunoexpressing in Oral Mucosa Among Saudi Smokers

Elmahdi,

Alahmadi,

Aloufi

et al. 2024

Diagnostic Cytopathology

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BackgroundIt is widely known that tobacco use significantly contributes to a variety of health problems, including mouth cancer. The proteins P16 and Ki‐67 have a role in regulating the cell cycle and promoting cell growth. Analyzing the levels of these proteins can give us valuable information about the overall health of cells.ObjectiveThis study aims to assess the cellular alterations and immunohistochemical expression of P16 and Ki‐67 in the oral mucosa of Saudi smokers.MethodFrom March to December 2023, a cross‐sectional study scraped 500 samples from the buccal mucosa. Participants in the study were Saudi citizens of both genders. We selected a total of 300 individuals who smoked cigarettes and 200 individuals who did not smoke tobacco as the control group. The selection process involved two sample techniques: initially purposive sampling and subsequently snowball sampling. The samples underwent an immunohistochemical examination to determine the presence of P16 and Ki‐67 protein overexpression. We evaluated the samples by assessing the proportion of cells that exhibited positive staining and the intensity of the staining. The data were examined utilizing SPSS. We identified categorical variables by calculating frequencies and percentages using the chi‐squared test. A significance level of p < 0.05 was used to determine statistical significance.ResultsA total of 48% of cigarette users had abnormal results, compared to 20% of nonsmokers. These abnormalities included cytological atypia, inflammation, reverse cytological infection, and binucleated or multinucleated cells (p = 0.015). People who smoked had higher levels of P16 and Ki‐67 expressions than people who did not smoke, 12% and 5%, respectively (p = 0.042). There were no important changes in P16/Ki‐67 expression between participants of different ages (p = 0.68) or between men and women (p = 0.27).ConclusionThese results demonstrate the detrimental effects of smoking on cell health, underscoring the importance of quitting to reduce the risk of cytological abnormalities and related diseases. Smokers have higher levels of the proteins P16 and Ki‐67, which shows how important these biomarkers are for understanding the risks to oral health.

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Evaluation of the Cytological Changes of the Oral Mucosa Among Smokers in Al Madinah Al Munawara Using Argyrophilic Nucleolar Organizer Region (AgNOR) Counts and Papanicolaus Stain

Cited by 2 publications

References 14 publications

Evaluation of Cellular Changes and Immunohistochemistry Expression of p53 and p16 in the Oral Mucosa Among Saudi Smokers

Evaluation of Cellular Changes and Immunohistochemistry Expression of p53 and p16 in the Oral Mucosa Among Saudi Smokers

Assessment of P16 and Ki‐67 Proteins Immunoexpressing in Oral Mucosa Among Saudi Smokers

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