Evaluation of the diagnostic accuracy of lateral flow devices as a tool to diagnose rabies in post-mortem animals

Kimitsuki, Kazunori; Saito, Nobuo; Yamada, Kentaro; Park, Chun Ho; Inoue, Satoshi; Suzuki, Motoi; Saito-Obata, Mariko; Kamiya, Yasuhiko; Manalo, Daria L.; Demetria, Catalino S.; Mananggit, M. R.; Quiambao, Beatriz P.; Nishizono, Akira

doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0008844

Cited by 16 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 40 publications

(100 reference statements)

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“…This is the main obstacle to the establishment of additional facilities. Simple, rapid, and low-cost methods such as LFD can be used to establish a diagnosis in a small laboratory in a remote area or in the field [9,11]. This novel diagnosis can be a solution to promote animal surveillance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We conducted a prospective observational study of suspected rabid animals to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the lateral flow device (LFD) and investigate the characteristics of rabies animals at RADDL III, a government agency in the Philippines. The details of the study design and setting have been previously described [9]. This regional laboratory receives suspected rabies specimens (heads or carcasses) from Central Luzon (Region III) (Fig.…”

Section: Study Sitementioning

confidence: 99%

“…We conducted semi-structured interviews to collect detailed information about the animal, owner, and bite victims using a standard questionnaire [8,9]. The research staff interviewed, directly or telephonically, the owners or those who sent the animal head or carcass.…”

Section: Data Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Briefly, touch impressions of small transverse sections (2-3 mm in thickness) of the hippocampus, brain stem, and cerebellum were stained with fluorescein isothiocyanateconjugated anti-rabies monoclonal antibody (Fujirebio, Malvern, PA, USA; lot No. 309303) according to the standard operating procedure [8,9]. The stained samples were examined under an epifluorescence microscope (E200, Nikon, Tokyo, Japan) to confirm the presence of the rabies virus antigen by two independent examiners.…”

Section: Laboratory Confirmationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Background and descriptive features of rabies-suspected animals in Central Luzon, Philippines

Mananggit¹,

Kimitsuki

Saito

et al. 2021

Trop Med Health

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Background The Philippines is one of the major endemic countries for canine rabies in Southeast Asia. However, detailed description and analysis of laboratory-confirmed animal rabies are limited. Highly accurate surveillance requires a thorough understanding of the target area-specific problems and obstacles. Therefore, we aim to describe and analyze the rabies suspect animals in Central Luzon, Philippines, to clarify the characteristics of management and clinical signs by conducting interviews with the owners. Methods We prospectively collected information on the rabies suspect animals submitted to the Regional animal laboratory in Central Luzon through passive laboratory-based rabies surveillance between 1st April 2019 and 30th September 2020. We performed active interviews directly or telephonically with the owner. The direct fluorescent antibody test was performed on the hippocampus, brain stem, and cerebellum for laboratory confirmation. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the number of rabies cases according to management methods and characteristics of suspected animals during the observation period. Clinical symptoms of suspected rabid animals were analyzed by univariate logistic regression analysis. Results There were 292 sample submissions during the study period. Of these, 160 were positive for dFAT. Samples of pet animals (85.3%) provided by owners or their acquaintances (59.2%) accounted for the majority of laboratory confirmed cases. Case mapping showed that more rabies-suspected cases were sent from areas near the regional laboratory than from those far from the laboratory, despite the incidence of rabies being high in these areas. The management and clinical symptoms of 227 animal cases showed that most owners were managing their animals at home and were allowing them to roam outside (69.6%) and be unvaccinated (78.9%). Rabid animals were more likely to manifest aimless running, restlessness, and agitation. Conclusions Our study provided some features of animals with laboratory-confirmed rabies in Central Luzon. However, most of the samples were submitted from areas near the rabies diagnosis laboratory, and the number of samples submitted from remote areas was low. To improve the surveillance capacity, it is necessary to increase sample submissions from remote areas.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Study Sitementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Data Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Laboratory Confirmationmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Background and descriptive features of rabies-suspected animals in Central Luzon, Philippines

Mananggit¹,

Kimitsuki

Saito

et al. 2021

Trop Med Health

Self Cite

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“…The development of diagnostic infrastructure in countries where the virus is endemic is an economic challenge, however, there are rapid, simple to perform tests that can be undertaken in the field. The Lateral Flow Assay (LFA), which is an indirect ELISA, is a useful diagnostic tool for detection (Kimitsuki et al 2020;Yale et al 2019), with a 94.6% sensitivity compared with the gold standard direct fluorescent antibody test (dFA). Conducting this indirect ELISA test requires minimal training, although the process of sample extraction requires skill; however, field veterinarians could easily be trained in this procedure.…”

Section: (C) Surveillance and Diagnosticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eliminating dog-mediated rabies: challenges and strategies

2021

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Rabies is an acute encephalitis caused by a lyssavirus. It is primarily transmitted through bites of infected dogs which results in the worldwide death of an estimated 59000 humans every year. The disease is preventable through the application of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) and its elimination has been demonstrated in many countries by applying multiple interventions simultaneously. Nonetheless, rabies is still widespread in many developing countries, primarily due to the poor implementation of intervention strategies that include inadequate dog-bite wound management practices, unavailability/unaffordability of PEP by the communities, failure to control the disease in free-roaming dogs and wildlife, improper dog population management, weak surveillance and diagnostic facilities and a lack of a One Health approach to the disease. In this review, strategies to control dog-mediated rabies through a One Health approach were discussed. We recommend applying multiple interventions against the disease by involving all the concerned stakeholders in selected urban and rural areas of the countries where rabies is endemic. An empirical demonstration of disease freedom in the selected areas through a One Health approach is needed to convince policymakers to invest in rabies prevention and control on the national level. This multifaceted One Health control model will enhance the likelihood of achieving the goal of global rabies eradication by 2030.

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