Evaluation of the Difference in the Content of Essential and Non-Essential Elements in Wild Boar and Swine Tissues Sampled in the Same Area of Northern Italy

Draghi, Susanna; Spinelli, Michele; Fontanarosa, Carolina; Curone, Giulio; Amoresano, Angela; Pignoli, Elisabetta; Cagnardi, Petra; Vigo, Daniele; Arioli, Francesco; Materazzi, Stefano; Risoluti, Roberta; Di Cesare, Federica

doi:10.3390/ani14060827

Animals

2024

DOI: 10.3390/ani14060827

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Evaluation of the Difference in the Content of Essential and Non-Essential Elements in Wild Boar and Swine Tissues Sampled in the Same Area of Northern Italy

Susanna Draghi,

Michele Spinelli,

Carolina Fontanarosa

et al.

Abstract: This study aimed to investigate the exposure of wild boars and swine from semi-extensive farms in the same area to essential and non-essential elements, measuring their concentration in liver and muscle. Furthermore, the study explored the influence of factors such as sex, age, and the sampling location on wild boars. Higher liver element concentrations were observed in both wild boars and swine. Geographical comparisons revealed minor differences. Young wild boars showed significantly higher Cu, Se, Cd, and C… Show more

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Cited by 3 publications

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Essential and toxic elements analysis of wild boar tissues from north-eastern Romania and health risk implications

Boișteanu,

Flocea,

Anchidin

et al. 2024

Front. Sustain. Food Syst.

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IntroductionThe level of essential minerals in meat is an important factor in human nutrition and health. Meat from responsibly managed wildlife is an alternative raw material with considerable nutritional benefits. Meat from hunted animals has essential and non-essential elements for the human body. It is important to carefully monitor the levels of heavy metals accumulated in the tissues of hunted animals in polluted areas to ensure food safety and environmental contamination. High levels of heavy metals in food and the environment can pose a danger to human health.MethodsThe study aims to investigate the levels of essential mineral elements and heavy metals in the muscle tissue and organs of wild boar harvested through the herd density control plan over the last decade in north-eastern Romania.Results and discussionThe statistical analysis indicates that the age of the animals had a significant impact on Fe, Cu, and Zn levels in Longissimus lumborum. In the kidney a highly significant difference in Fe content by sex, with males showing higher values than females. The sex was shown to significantly influence the Mg levels. However, there are concerns about the accumulation of heavy metals such as Lead (Pb) and Cadmium (Cd), which may hurt the health of game meat consumers in the study area. Cd level it shows significant differences according to both age and sex, with higher concentrations in adults and males. Statistical analysis shows a negative correlation between Fe and Zn concentrations in muscle samples, while a positive correlation was found between Fe and Mn in kidney samples. There was also a positive association between Zn and Cu in muscle samples, but a negative association in kidney samples. Principal component analysis shows significant variation in essential element and heavy metals data between muscle and kidney samples. The loading plot shows a direct correlation between Pb and Cu and between Pb and Cd. However, an opposite correlation also is observed between Cu and Mg, Cd and Mg, and Pb and Mg. HQ (Hazard Quotient) for children compared to adults indicates a potentially higher risk associated with meat consumption among children because children are more vulnerable than adults. We report for the first time, to the best authors’ knowledge, various levels of essential minerals and exceeded maximum admitted level of heavy metals in the muscle tissues and kidneys of Sus scrofa ferus from Romania intended for human consumption, moreover, our findings highlight the need for strict monitoring and implementation of appropriate corrective measures, given the significant percentages of muscle and kidney samples exceeding the allowable limits for two of the most common toxic metals in the environment.

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Essential and toxic elements analysis of wild boar tissues from north-eastern Romania and health risk implications

Boișteanu,

Flocea,

Anchidin

et al. 2024

Front. Sustain. Food Syst.

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Comparative analysis of PFASs concentrations in fur, muscle, and liver of wild roe deer as biomonitoring matrices

Draghi,

Curone,

Risoluti

et al. 2024

Front. Vet. Sci.

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BackgroundRecently, environmental pollution has become a significant concern for human, animal, and environmental health, fitting within the “One Health” framework. Among the various environmental contaminants, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have gathered substantial attention due to their persistence, bioaccumulation, and adverse health effects. This study aimed to compare the levels of 12 PFASs in the fur, liver, and muscle of wild roe deer to evaluate the feasibility of using fur as a non-invasive biomonitoring matrix.MethodsA total of 20 male and 20 female roe deer aged between 12 and 24 months were randomly sampled from a hunting area in Northern Italy. Samples of fur, muscle, and liver were collected post-mortem, and PFAS concentrations were measured using a validated UHPLC-HRMS method.Results and discussionThe results indicated significant differences in PFAS concentrations among the three matrices. Fur, although easier to sample and store, showed highly variable PFAS levels, with different detection frequencies compared to the muscle and liver. PFASs such as PFHxA were more frequently detected in fur than in the liver and muscle, while compounds such as PFBA, PFPeA, PFHpA, PFDA, PFHxS, 6-2 FTS, and 8-2 FTS were less frequently detected in fur. In conclusion, while fur presents many practical advantages for biomonitoring, such as non-invasive sampling and stability, its use is complicated by varying detection frequencies and concentration levels. These aspects, together with the use of a single sampling technique, can be considered a limitation of the study. Notably, compounds such as PFOA, PFNA, and PFOS showed partially similar detection frequencies across the matrices, suggesting potential interest for further research. This study offers new perspectives on the use of fur for environmental monitoring, highlighting the need for more extensive research to understand the relationship between PFAS concentrations in fur and other biological matrices. Future studies should focus on methodological improvements in extraction and quantification techniques for PFASs in fur to enhance their reliability as a biomonitoring tool.

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Use of Hair as Matrix for Trace Elements Biomonitoring in Cattle and Roe Deer Sharing Pastures in Northern Italy

Draghi,

Fehri,

Ateş

et al. 2024

Animals

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Intensive cattle breeding’s environmental challenges are prompting shifts to extensive, pasture-based systems, influencing nutrient and pollutant uptake. PTEs are essential and non-essential elements, regularly found in the environment and organisms, and in which unbalances lead to health issues. Hair analysis, a non-invasive method, provides retrospective PTE exposure evaluation. This study aims to understand exposure and species-specific accumulation patterns of PTEs in cattle and roe deer sharing pastures in Northern Italy using the hair analysis. Aluminum, As, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, Cu, Mg, Fe, and Zn were quantified through the use of ICP-OES. Findings show As levels significantly higher in roe deer due to their selective feeding, while Cd and Pb levels align with other studies. Essential elements like Cu, Fe, and Zn are lower in cattle, possibly due to diet differences. Higher Cr and Ni levels in cattle suggest contamination or physiological differences in accumulation patterns. In conclusion, hair analysis is valuable for monitoring environmental PTE exposure, highlighting significant interspecies differences and the potential of both animals as bioindicators in shared grazing areas.

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Evaluation of the Difference in the Content of Essential and Non-Essential Elements in Wild Boar and Swine Tissues Sampled in the Same Area of Northern Italy

Cited by 3 publications

References 77 publications

Essential and toxic elements analysis of wild boar tissues from north-eastern Romania and health risk implications

Essential and toxic elements analysis of wild boar tissues from north-eastern Romania and health risk implications

Comparative analysis of PFASs concentrations in fur, muscle, and liver of wild roe deer as biomonitoring matrices

Use of Hair as Matrix for Trace Elements Biomonitoring in Cattle and Roe Deer Sharing Pastures in Northern Italy

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