Evaluation of the economic costs of beach erosion due to the loss of the recreational services of sandy beaches - The case of Tetouan coast (Morocco)

Flayou, Latifa; Snoussi, Maria; Raji, Otmane

doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2021.104257

Cited by 7 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The Tetouan coast is also one of the Moroccan coasts that have been most rapidly and densely urbanized, mainly because of its tourist appeal. However, most of its beaches have an erosive trend, some of which might disappear in the next few decades (El Mrini et al, 2012;Flayou et al, 2021). Indeed, being a sand-deficient system, the coast will not be able to cope with the rise of the sea level, if no adaptation measures are undertaken.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Satour et al (2021) estimated the resilience index of this coast to flooding and showed that nearly 9000 households (18.4%) are in areas of very low to low resilience. Furthermore, Flayou et al (2021) attempted a first assessment of the monetary losses that may be incurred by the tourism sector of the Tetouan coast, if the beaches were to disappear, which they estimated at 71.5 million US$ annually. This amount is largely underestimated because it does not take into account the evaluation of other ecosystem services provided by these beaches such as the protection of settlements and coastal infrastructures against marine submersion.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Eroded beaches represent 70 to 86% of the coastline. Flayou et al (2021) estimated the beach retreat to be between 20 and 24 m between 2004 and 2016, i.e., an average annual rate of 1.83 m/year. In the eastern part of the study area, Khouakhi et al (2013) estimated that about 60% of the Al Hoceima bay coastline showed an erosive trend between 1958 and 2013.…”

Section: Environmental Issuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the shift of populations and activities from the hinterland to the coast, since the beginning of the century, has contributed to a strong 'artificialization' of the coasts, making them more exposed to various meteorological and marine hazards, and consequently more vulnerable and less resilient to coastal risks (Snoussi et al, 2008;Snoussi et al, 2009;Khouakhi et al, 2013;Satta et al, 2016;Aitali et al, 2020). Many coastal areas have already experienced a real estate boom and increased pressure on coastal dunes that are retreating or disappearing, exposing more and more property and people to flooding and coastal erosion (El Mrini et al, 2012;Kasmi et al, 2020;Flayou et al, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Climate risk assessment of the Tangier-Tetouan-Al Hoceima coastal Region (Morocco)

Agharroud

Puddu²,

Ivčević

et al. 2023

Front. Mar. Sci.

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Coastal zones occupy a prominent position in the sustainable management perspective of Tangier-Tetouan-Al Hoceima (TTA) region because they accommodate a majority of the region’s population and contribute to the economic wellbeing of local communities. High demographic and economic pressures associated to climatic and environmental factors increase and intensify the vulnerability of these coastal areas. The latter are severely affected by climate change implications in the course of time, which lead to damage and loss in coastal low-lying zones. In practice, the risks related to climate change, as coastal risks, are frequently addressed, and assessing coastal risk in the context of climate change is a research priority. The aim of this work is to evaluate the flooding risk of TTA coasts, taking into account the inundation level related to the conditions of extreme wave (return period of 100-year) and extreme sea level rise. We firstly defined the coastal hazard zone that corresponds to the maximum inundation level of 13 m for the whole area. We then applied a Coastal Risk Index application at the Local Scale (CRI-LS) methodology to calculate forcing, vulnerability, exposure and risk indices using nineteen physical, environmental and socioeconomical variables. Findings show that coastal hazard zone of Tangier-Tetouan-Al Hoceima region is extremely exposed to coastal forcing. More than 50% of the hazard zones indicates highly vulnerable zones and highest exposure is generally focused on the most populated urban zones. In the light of this, the coastal risk mapping shows hotspot zones in terms of climate change-related coastal risks located at Tangier Bay, south of Tangier city, Fnideq and Martil coasts, Tetouan city and north of Ksar El Kbir city. This paper corresponds to a useful support that can help policy-makers in decision-making to quietly follow coastal planning and management processes and participate in preserving coastal areas for future generations, which support the sustainable development goals of Agenda 2030 started by the United Nations with the goal of eradicating all kinds of poverty.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Environmental Issuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Climate risk assessment of the Tangier-Tetouan-Al Hoceima coastal Region (Morocco)

Agharroud

Puddu²,

Ivčević

et al. 2023

Front. Mar. Sci.

Self Cite

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“…Mediante a esse crescimento populacional na zona costeira, as mesmas tendem a estar mais vulneráveis aos desastres naturais associados às mudanças climáticas (Helderop & Grubesic, 2019) As ondas de tempestades são apontadas como um dos maiores problemas vinculados às mudanças climáticas em litorais ocupados (BUKVIC et al, 2020) podendo gerar impactos nas infraestruturas costeiras, ecossistemas e no setor econômico (KIM, 2020). Esses impactos já são sentidos nas zonas costeiras mundiais (TSOUKALA et al 2015;LEATHERMAN, 2017;GIBBS, 2020;FLAYOU et al, 2021;CHOI et al, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Caracterização Morfossedimentar E Os Efeitos Das Ondas De Tempestade No Arco Praial Do Leblon Ao Arpoador (Rio De Janeiro)

DA SILVA SANTOS

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The dilemma of coastal management: Exploitation or conservation?

Martínez,

Silva,

Pérez-Maqueo

et al. 2024

Camb. prisms Coast. futures

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The real estate business on sandy coasts and coastal dunes has increased dramatically over the last decades because of the growing demands for leisure activities which, consequently, have yielded important economic gains. Such ravaging exploitation results in the replacement of sandy ecosystems with tourism-oriented settlements, infrastructure, and facilities. As the sandy beaches and coastal dunes become deteriorated or eliminated, their protective role is lost, and the hydrometeorological risks to which the increasing human coastal populations are exposed grow, especially in a climate change scenario with increasing storminess. Furthermore, when possible, the expansion of the tourism industry continues searching for new, unspoiled locations, and the cycle begins again. This situation leads to the dilemma of coastal management: should we continue with the over-exploitation of sandy coasts for growing economic benefits? Or should we preserve the coasts for protection against the impact of increasing storms and sea level rise and to benefit biodiversity? Although scientific evidence demonstrates the relevance of protecting the coasts, coastal development plans continue to ignore these findings. What are the key drivers for these trends? We first looked for scientific evidence of the appraisal of the esthetic beauty of the beach and coastal dunes, as highly important drivers of urbanization and coastal environmental change. We then looked for evidence that demonstrated how coastal dunes offer storm protection Finally, we examined if the conservation of beaches and coastal dunes can be compatible with non-intrusive tourism. In summary, through the literature review and our own data, we show how different alternatives may help achieve a more sustainable coastal tourism by combining economic necessities with environmental concerns.

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Evaluation of the economic costs of beach erosion due to the loss of the recreational services of sandy beaches - The case of Tetouan coast (Morocco)

Cited by 7 publications

References 26 publications

Climate risk assessment of the Tangier-Tetouan-Al Hoceima coastal Region (Morocco)

Climate risk assessment of the Tangier-Tetouan-Al Hoceima coastal Region (Morocco)

Caracterização Morfossedimentar E Os Efeitos Das Ondas De Tempestade No Arco Praial Do Leblon Ao Arpoador (Rio De Janeiro)

The dilemma of coastal management: Exploitation or conservation?

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