Evaluation of the effect of additive group five elements on the properties of Pb-Ca-Sn-Al alloy as the positive grid for lead-acid batteries

Lead-Carbon Batteries toward Future Energy Storage: From Mechanism and Materials to Applications

“…Note that the grid alloy composition plays an important role in the corrosion layer. High-resistance alloys are essential for the development of maintenance-free lead-based batteries [43,[152][153][154]. The PbO 2 positive electrode is a complex system from active materials to interfacial design and requires the optimization of the above parameters and the compatibility of the battery configuration (Fig.…”

Water Loss Predictive Tests in Flooded Lead‐Acid Batteries

“…On the other hand, the water consumption effect in reduced size configuration is mainly detected through Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) or Linear Sweep Voltammetry (LSV) using a third electrode (reference), in order to investigate the reactions governing the water consumption of the single plate (either negative or positive) or to determine the inhibition and the retarding behaviour toward the H 2 /O 2 evolution caused by additives/contaminants in electrolyte and plate compositions. [16][17][18][19][20][21] Non-conventional designs, namely reduced size cell, are used also for the gas quantification during floating water consumption tests, where the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER) and the Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER) are detected by the volume variation and the monitoring of vented gas rate. [19,[22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] Unfortunately, LSV, CV and GT characterization are often limited to electrode with small surface, far even from the dimension of a single plate of a lead acid battery.…”

“…Such tests, carried out on full size cell, are developed in constant current or constant voltage mode for at least one day or more (weeks/months), and in most cases the applied or collected potential is limited to the cell potential without discriminate the positive potential from the negative potential in the overcharging period. On the other hand, the water consumption effect in reduced size configuration is mainly detected through Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) or Linear Sweep Voltammetry (LSV) using a third electrode (reference), in order to investigate the reactions governing the water consumption of the single plate (either negative or positive) or to determine the inhibition and the retarding behaviour toward the H 2 /O 2 evolution caused by additives/contaminants in electrolyte and plate compositions [16–21] . Non‐conventional designs, namely reduced size cell, are used also for the gas quantification during floating water consumption tests, where the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER) and the Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER) are detected by the volume variation and the monitoring of vented gas rate [19,22–29] .…”