“…Some different mechanisms have been proposed, e.g., the Payne effect, immobilized polymer layer formation, hierarchical nature of chain-bound clusters, polymer bridges between NPs, and others. [167,[169][170][171][172][173] Recently, some in situ characterization experiments, such as transmission electron microscope, scanning electron microscope, atomic force microscope, X-ray CT, piezo-resistive network, small-angle neutron scattering, and Raman spectroscopy, have provided a reliable methodology to validate the multiscale failure mechanisms in nanocomposites through investigating the damage development at the NP/polymer interface under applied loading. [163,164,174] Additionally, in-depth mechanistic insights into the atomic-scale mechanical behavior of the polymer nanocomposites can be obtained through atomistic simulation, such as molecular dynamics simulation.…”