“…There are now many studies that compare classes using innovative programs to those using traditional methods. Studies are increasingly using random assignment to conditions, large samples, durations of a year or more, and other features that add rigor and reduce bias in experimental studies (e.g., Borman, Boylston, Lee, Lanehart, & Comer, ; Borman, Gamoran, & Bowdon, ; Harris et al, ; Heller, ; Newman et al, ).…”