Evaluation of the effects of intramuscular injection volume on midazolam-butorphanol induced sedation in domestic pigeons (Columba livia)

Evaluation of the Anesthetic Properties of Dexmedetomidine and Dexmedetomidine-Ketamine Combination and the Properties of Atipamezole as a Reversal Agent in Domestic Pigeons

“…Hornak et al (2014), stated that atipamezole reversed most sedation and cardiorespiratory side effects in 10 minutes after the induction made with a midazolamdexmedetomidine combination, and it was only late in terms of increasing CT. Memon et al (2021), emphasized that in medetomidine-ketamine anesthesia, atipamezole administered at half the dosage of medetomidine shortened anesthesia duration in pigeons by 18 minutes. It has been reported that flumazenil, which is a reversal agent of benzodiazepine, can be used in avian species to partially or fully reverse the effects of diazepam or midazolam, but due to its short half-life, dosage repletion might be needed (Doss and Mans, 2021;Heard, 2016;Mans, 2017;Martel et al, 2021). In this study, consistently with other results in the relevant literature, atipamezole administered at a dosage 4 times the dosage of dexmedetomidine was quickly absorbed following IM injection, and it provided smooth recovery in the DX group at minute 5.06±0.87 and in the DXK group at minute 22.47±0.64 (Hornak et al, 2014;Memon et al, 2021;Sandmeier, 2000).…”

“…Pigeon breeding is a hobby and a cultural tradition (Jerolmack, 2007). Pigeons are still used in laboratory studies by veterinary students, in investigations of neurobiological and neuroendocrine mechanisms, and especially in stereotaxic surgery (Baek et al, 2020;Martel et al, 2021). According to data on the use of animals for scientific purposes in EU countries, among the 9,388,162 animals used in scientific research in 2017, avian species constituted 6% (EC, 2019).…”

Evaluation of dexmedetomidine-midazolam sedation in budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus)

“…2 Although midazolam can be used as a sole agent for sedation in some species, it is commonly combined with butorphanol, an opioid that provides both analgesic and sedative effects. [2][3][4] In prospective studies with psittacines, midazolambutorphanol has induced mild to moderate sedation in cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) 4 and budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus). 5 Less commonly, midazolam has been combined with other agents for sedation in psittacines such as alfaxalone 6 and…”