Evaluation of the effects of synchronising the availability of N and energy on rumen function and production responses of dairy cows – a review

Cabrita, Ana R.J.; Dewhurst, Richard J.; Abreu, J. M. F.; Fonseca, António J.M.

doi:10.1051/animres:2005045

Cited by 58 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 109 publications

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“…There were no differences in MY and urea N levels. The effects of synchrony in MY and N excretion are not clear (Newbold and Rust, 1992;Hristov and Jouany, 2005) and less important than expected (Cabrita et al, 2006). A proof of this is that Kaswari et al (2007) did not obtain significant differences between isoenergetic and isoproteic diets with different synchrony indexes for ruminal N-NH 3 content, microbial protein synthesis, and metabolizable energy flow.…”

Section: Improving Ruminal Synchrony Between Cho and Nmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…This could be achieved by changing the CHO or N sources, changing the feeding patterns (time of supplementation regarding grazing) or the feeding frequency (Cabrita et al, 2006). A better ruminal synchrony could be achieved under grazing systems, when the CHO sources have a degradation rate of 13 to 14% h -1 , because this is similar to the RDP degradation rate of the pasture (Van Vuuren et al, 1990), although degradation rate of the pasture will vary with different circumstances (Aufrere et al, 2003).…”

Section: Improving Ruminal Synchrony Between Cho and Nmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nutritional Strategies to Improve Nitrogen use Efficiency by Grazing Dairy Cows

Keim

Anrique

2011

Chilean J. Agric. Res.

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Grazing dairy cows are characterized by converting a low proportion of dietary N into milk N. This low N use efficiency (NUE) is mainly due to an excessive supply of crude protein (CP) of pasture with regard to animal requirements. Excess N in the diet has negative effects for the animal; it alters the organoleptic characteristics of milk and pollutes the environment through N excretions. The aim of this review was to analyze the available information on nutritional strategies to improve NUE by grazing dairy cows, such as diluting the dietary N through supplementation, synchronizing ruminal carbohydrate (CHO), and N fermentation rates, and using pastures with a high water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) content. There is a beneficial effect of carbohydrate supplementation on NUE, with an increase in milk yield (MY) of 0.83 ± 0.34 kg milk kg -1 supplement and a reduction of ammonia N (NH 3 -N) in the rumen. A better synchrony between CHO and rumen N does not improve MY and NUE. However, a positive effect on NUE was identified as a result of increasing the WSC/CP ratio. The use of cultivars with high WSC content increases the dry matter intake (DMI), MY, and milk N production, with no consistent effect on NUE.

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Section: Improving Ruminal Synchrony Between Cho and Nmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Improving Ruminal Synchrony Between Cho and Nmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutritional Strategies to Improve Nitrogen use Efficiency by Grazing Dairy Cows

Keim

Anrique

2011

Chilean J. Agric. Res.

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“…As nitrogen utilization by rumen microflora is related to the amount of fermentable energy, the adequate NFC concentrations especially in E. capensis could enable efficient microbial protein synthesis by promoting better utilization of rumen ammonia released from feeds with great concentration of rumen degradable CP (Cabrita et al, 2006). DM disappearance values were the greatest at terminal incubation hours across plant species.…”

Section: In Sacco Ruminal Dry Matter Disappearancesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical composition and in sacco ruminal degradation of tropical trees rich in condensed tannins

Belachew¹,

Kechero²,

Taye³

et al. 2013

Czech J. Anim. Sci.

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ABSTRACT:The study was aimed at determining the chemical composition, in sacco ruminal dry matter and organic matter degradability of leaves and fruits of tropical condensed tannin rich multipurpose tree species (MPTS). The MPTS studied were Ekebergia capenesis, Ficus sycomorus, Maesa lanceolata, and Rhus glutinosa. Chemical composition of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), crude ash (CA), ether extract (EE), crude fibre (CF), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), non-fibre carbohydrates (NFC), and condensed tannin (CT) was determined. In sacco rumen degradability was measured using three rumen fistulated Holstein FriesianBoran cross steers at 0, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. The DM and organic matter (OM) degradability data were fitted to the equation Y = a + b(1 -e -ct ). The values for each chemical constituent ranged 5.43-11.49% (CA), 7.97-17.06% (CP), 1.57-31% (EE), 12.20-27.5% (CF), 5.84-39.30% (NFC), and 7.2-16.72% (CT). Ekebergia capensis leaves had the greatest values for slowly degradable fraction (b), effective degradability (ED), and rate of degradation (c) in DM (P < 0.001) whereas E. capensis fruit had significantly the greatest soluble fraction (a), potential degradability (b), and effective degradability (ED) values as compared to the a, PD, and ED values in the fruits of other plants(P < 0.001). Yet in OM degradation kinetics, the greatest and least values of potential degradability (PD) were recorded for F. sycomorus (89.89%) and E. capensis (55.90%) leaves (P < 0.001). Similar to the rapidly soluble fraction a, ED was found to be the greatest in fruits as compared to leaves of the plants (P < 0.001). Generally variation of plant parts led to significant differences in chemical composition, DM, and OM degradability and the degradable parameters. The leaves and fruits recorded more than 60% DM and OM degradability at 24 h, which implied that they were all greatly degradable in the rumen.

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“…For example, cows in early lactation fed slowly fermentable synchronized diets or asynchronous diets produced less milk than cows that were fed a synchronous diet for fast rumen degradable energy and nitrogen (N) (Herrera-Saldana and Huber, 1989;Herrera-Saldana et al, 1990). Despite extensive work on carbohydrate and CP synchronization for rumen and milk yield (review in Cabrita et al, 2006), its effects on the milk protein expression profile remain poorly understood.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of the processing methods of corn grain and soybean meal on milk protein expression profiles in dairy cows

Shen

Liu

2015

Animal

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A proteomic approach was used to investigate the effects of the processing method of corn grain and soybean meal on the milk protein expression profile in lactating dairy cows. A total of 12 multiparous Holstein dairy cows were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. The primary factors examined were corn (finely ground (FGC) v. steam-flaked (SFC)) and soybean meal (solvent-extracted (SSBM) v. heat-treated (HSBM)), which were used to formulate four diets with the same basal ingredient: 27% FGC and 9% SSBM; 27% SFC and 9% SSBM; 27% FGC and 9% HSBM; and 27% SFC and 9% HSBM. Each period lasted for 21 days. Milk samples were collected on days 18, 19 and 20 of each period. Changes in the milk proteins were assessed by two-dimensional (2D) electrophoresis and ImageMaster 2D Platinum 6.0 software. A total of 13 spots displayed variations in protein spot abundance according to the statistical analysis. These spots were identified by a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ ionization-time of flight/time of flight MS. According to the gels, the relative abundance of α s2 -casein (CN) fragments was higher in the cows fed the SFC-HSBM than that for SFC-SSBM, whereas β-CN, α-lactalbumin and zinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein fragments were down-regulated in HSBM-fed cows. The relative decrease of β-CN expression was validated by western blot and agreed with the MS data. These results suggested that the method used to process soybean meal modified the synthesis and secretion of milk proteins in lactating dairy cows' mammary glands.

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Evaluation of the effects of synchronising the availability of N and energy on rumen function and production responses of dairy cows – a review

Cited by 58 publications

References 109 publications

Nutritional Strategies to Improve Nitrogen use Efficiency by Grazing Dairy Cows

Nutritional Strategies to Improve Nitrogen use Efficiency by Grazing Dairy Cows

Chemical composition and in sacco ruminal degradation of tropical trees rich in condensed tannins

Effects of the processing methods of corn grain and soybean meal on milk protein expression profiles in dairy cows

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