Evaluation of the effects of carbon dioxide used as a pulpal test. I. In vitro effect on human enamel

Peters, Donald D.; Lorton, Lewis; Mader, Carson L.; Augsburger, Robert A.; Ingram, Timothy A.

doi:10.1016/s0099-2399(86)80017-6

Cited by 16 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…This proved true even when used for significantly longer periods of time than that normally used clinically (2 min vs. <15 s). Clinically, most teeth respond to the cold test in <5 s (Ingram & Peters 1983, Peters et al. 1983, 1986).…”

Section: Damage To the Soft And Hard Tissues Of The Toothmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of pulp sensibility tests. Part I: general information and thermal tests

2010

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A major, and essential, part of the diagnostic process for pulp disease is the use of pulp sensibility tests. When diagnosing pulp pain, these tests can be used to reproduce the symptoms reported by the patient to diagnose the diseased tooth as well as the disease state. However, a major shortcoming with these tests is that they only indirectly provide an indication of the state of the pulp by measuring a neural response rather than the vascular supply, so both false positive and false negative results can occur. The relevant literature on pulp sensibility tests in the context of endodontics up to January 2009 was reviewed using PubMed and MEDLINE database searches. This search identified papers published between November 1964 and January 2009 in all languages. Thermal tests have been used as an integral part of dental examinations. Two types of thermal tests are available, one uses a cold stimulus and the other uses a hot stimulus, and each has various methods of delivery. If these tests are used properly, injury to the pulp is highly unlikely. A review of the literature regarding the rationale, indications, limitations, and interpretation of thermal tests, the value of these diagnostic tests, as well as a discussion of the important points about each of these tests is presented.

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Section: Damage To the Soft And Hard Tissues Of The Toothmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of pulp sensibility tests. Part I: general information and thermal tests

2010

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“…However, CO 2 is not as cold when used clinically, [27] where it has been reported to be −56°C, similar to DDM which is known to have a temperature as low as −50°C [19, 28]. The in vivo temperature for Endo FrostTM is approximately −28°C whilst TFE is −18.5°C [28].…”

Section: Pulp Testing Techniques and Effectivenessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dental Pulp Testing: A Review

Chen

Abbott

2009

International Journal of Dentistry

143

116

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Dental pulp testing is a useful and essential diagnostic aid in endodontics. Pulp sensibility tests include thermal and electric tests, which extrapolate pulp health from sensory response. Whilst pulp sensibility tests are the most commonly used in clinical practice, they are not without limitations and shortcomings. Pulp vitality tests attempt to examine the presence of pulp blood flow, as this is viewed as a better measure of true health than sensibility. Laser Doppler flowmetry and pulse oximetry are examples of vitality tests. Whilst the prospect is promising, there are still many practical issues that need to be addressed before vitality tests can replace sensibility tests as the standard clinical pulp diagnostic test. With all pulp tests, the results need to be carefully interpreted and closely scrutinised as false results can lead to misdiagnosis which can then lead to incorrect, inappropriate, or unnecessary treatment.

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“…DDM has decreased in popularity because of environmental concerns (13), and it has been replaced by other gases such as the mixture of propane, butane, and isobutane (Endo Frost [EF]; Roeko, Langenau, Germany). Concerns have been raised about possible damaging effects of cold testing agents to teeth, but studies have shown that they are safe (14)(15)(16)(17)(18).…”

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confidence: 99%