Evaluation of the Efficacy of Split‐Product Trivalent A(H1N1), A(H3N2), and B Influenza Vaccines

Abstract

The reactogenicity and immunogenicity of Tween-ether split trivalent A(H1N1), A (H3N2), and B influenza vaccine in primary school children aged seven to 12 years, and the persistence of antibodies following two doses of vaccine were studied during 1980-1984. Adverse reactions were infrequent, and, even when reported, were chiefly local ones, mild in nature and of short duration. Most of the reactions were less frequent after the second dose than after the first dose. Most of the systemic reactions occurred during the intervaccination period with almost equal frequency, indicating that careful consideration is required to judge whether they were induced by vaccination or not. This vaccine had induced adequate hemagglutination inhibiting (HAI) antibody because the geometric mean titers (GMTs) of the vaccinees were two-to eightfold higher than those of the nonvaccinees to any of the vaccine antigens following two doses of vaccine. In general, the responses to A(H3N2) virus were the best among the vaccine antigens through the four vaccination seasons, but there was a tendency to show a poorer response to the same type (or subtype) of virus antigen as the causative one during a protracted epidemic. The antibodies induced by either vaccination or natural infection were shown to persist for less than a year, supporting the recommendation for annual vaccination.

Immunogenicity and Safety of an Inactivated Trivalent Split Influenza Virus Vaccine in Young Children with Recurrent Wheezing

“…The rate of seroprotection against the B strain in the steroid-treated group was below 70%, but there was no statistically significant difference (Table 3). This result is similar to reports that the antibody response against the B strain in the steroid-treated group is lower than that in the non-steroid-treated group (32)(33)(34) but is in contrast to the research of Park et al indicating that the antibody response against the B strain in asthmatic patients who receive steroid treatment is higher (25).…”

Characterization of Regional Influenza Seasonality Patterns in China and Implications for Vaccination Strategies: Spatio-Temporal Modeling of Surveillance Data

“…Substantial antibody titers decay within 4–8 months post-vaccination [46],[47], combined with rapid antigenic drift in circulating viruses [48], require vaccination campaigns to be initiated a few weeks prior to the onset of local influenza activity. A practical outcome of our study was to define three broad influenza regions on the basis of epidemiological data (Figure 6B), which have distinct influenza seasonality characteristics and broadly align with climatic zones.…”

Prevention and Control of Influenza with Vaccines: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, United States, 2015–16 Influenza Season

“…Antibody levels induced by vaccine decline after vaccination ( 3 – 5 ). Although a 2008 literature review found no clear evidence of more rapid decline among older adults ( 6 ), a 2010 study noted a statistically significant decline in antibody titers 6 months after vaccination among persons aged ≥65 years ( 5 ).…”