Evaluation of the elasticity normal to the basal plane of non-expandable 2:1 phyllosilicate minerals by nanoindentation

Zhang, Guoping; Wei, Zhongxin; Ferrell, Ray E.; Guggenheim, Stephen; Cygan, Randall T.; Luo, Jian

doi:10.2138/am.2010.3398

Cited by 32 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…14a) clay particles, although elastic deformation may also cause this Kanitpanyacharoen et al, 2015). In a nano-indentation test to determine the elasticity of single phyllosilicate minerals, Zhang et al (2010) suggest measurement artifacts caused by intracrystalline plasticity beneath the indenter tip. Particle bending next to shears can also be seen in TEM: Figure 14 displays a 500 nm thick, dragged mica.…”

Section: Intracrystalline Plasticitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Deformation mechanisms and evolution of the microstructure of gouge in the Main Fault in Opalinus Clay in the Mont Terri rock laboratory (CH)

Laurich

Urai

Vollmer³

et al. 2018

Solid Earth

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Abstract. We studied gouge from an upper-crustal, lowoffset reverse fault in slightly overconsolidated claystone in the Mont Terri rock laboratory (Switzerland). The laboratory is designed to evaluate the suitability of the Opalinus Clay formation (OPA) to host a repository for radioactive waste.The gouge occurs in thin bands and lenses in the fault zone; it is darker in color and less fissile than the surrounding rock. It shows a matrix-based, P-foliated microfabric bordered and truncated by micrometer-thin shear zones consisting of aligned clay grains, as shown with broad-ion-beam scanning electron microscopy (BIB-SEM) and optical microscopy. Selected area electron diffraction based on transmission electron microscopy (TEM) shows evidence for randomly oriented nanometer-sized clay particles in the gouge matrix, surrounding larger elongated phyllosilicates with a strict P foliation. For the first time for the OPA, we report the occurrence of amorphous SiO 2 grains within the gouge. Gouge has lower SEM-visible porosity and almost no calcite grains compared to the undeformed OPA.We present two hypotheses to explain the origin of gouge in the Main Fault: (i) "authigenic generation" consisting of fluid-mediated removal of calcite from the deforming OPA during shearing and (ii) "clay smear" consisting of mechanical smearing of calcite-poor (yet to be identified) source layers into the fault zone. Based on our data we prefer the first or a combination of both, but more work is needed to resolve this.Microstructures indicate a range of deformation mechanisms including solution-precipitation processes and a gouge that is weaker than the OPA because of the lower fraction of hard grains. For gouge, we infer a more ratedependent frictional rheology than suggested from laboratory experiments on the undeformed OPA.

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Section: Intracrystalline Plasticitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Deformation mechanisms and evolution of the microstructure of gouge in the Main Fault in Opalinus Clay in the Mont Terri rock laboratory (CH)

Laurich

Urai

Vollmer³

et al. 2018

Solid Earth

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“…Figure 15a) clay particles, although elastic deformation may also cause this [Wenk et al, 2008;Kanitpanyacharoen et al, 2015]. In a nano-indentation test to determine the elasticity of single phyllosilicate minerals, Zhang et al [2010] suggest measurement artefacts caused by intracrystalline plasticity beneath the indenter tip. Particle bending next to shears can be seen also in TEM: Figure 15 displays 5 a 500 nm thick, dragged mica.…”

Section: Intracrystalline Plasticity 30mentioning

confidence: 99%

Deformation mechanisms and evolution of the microstructure of gouge in the Main Fault in Opalinus Clay in the Mont Terri rock laboratory (CH)

Laurich¹,

Urai²,

Vollmer³

et al. 2017

Preprint

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Abstract. We studied gouge from an upper-crustal, low offset reverse fault in slightly overconsolidated claystone in the Mont Terri rock laboratory (CH). The laboratory is designed to evaluate the suitability of the Opalinus Clay formation (OPA) to host a repository for radioactive waste. The macroscopically dark gouge displays a matrix-based, P-foliated microfabric bordered and truncated by μm-thin shear zones consisting of aligned clay grains, as shown by BIB-SEM and optical microscopy. TEM-SAED shows evidence for randomly oriented nm-sized clay particles in the gouge matrix, surrounding larger elongated phyllosilicates with a strict P-foliation. For the first time in OPA, we report the occurrence of amorphous SiO2 grains within the gouge. Gouge has lower SEM-visible porosity and almost no calcite grains, compared to undeformed OPA. We present two hypotheses to explain the origin of gouge in the Main Fault: (i) "authigenic generation": fluid-mediated removal of calcite from deforming OPA during shearing, (ii) and "clay smear": mechanical smearing of calcite-poor (yet to be identified) source layers into the fault zone. Based on our data we prefer the first or a combination of both, but more work is needed to resolve this. Microstructures indicate a range of deformation mechanisms including solution-precipitation processes and a gouge which is weaker than OPA because of the lower fraction of hard grains. We infer that the long-term rheology of gouge is more strongly rate-dependent than suggested from laboratory experiments.

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“…A tendency of sink-in impressions increases with the increment of the annealing temperature, which makes the film become stiffer. No visible radial cracks developed for all the samples as that happened in muscovite, a naturally-formed nanostructured multilayer [40,41]. A partial lateral crack and a few raised grains on the surface of impression are observed in the AFM image shown in insert (a) of Figure 4.…”

Section: Results and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Micromechanical Properties of Nanostructured Clay-Oxide Multilayers Synthesized by Layer-by-Layer Self-Assembly

et al. 2016

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Clay-based nanostructured multilayers, such as clay-polymer multilayers and clay-oxide multilayers, have attracted growing attention owing to their remarkable mechanical properties and promising application in various fields. In this paper, synthesis of a new kind of nanostructured clay-oxide multilayers by layer-by-layer self-assembly was explored. Nano-mechanical characterization of 18 clay-based multilayer samples, prepared under as-deposited (i.e., air-dried) and annealing conditions at 400 °C/600 °C with different precursor cations and multilayer structure, were carried out using nanoindentation testing, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The influencing factors, including as-deposited and annealing conditions and clay concentrations on the mechanical properties were analyzed. Results show that all of the multilayers exhibit high bonding strength between interlayers. Higher modulus and hardness of clay-based multilayers were obtained with lower clay concentrations than that with higher clay concentrations. Different relationships between the modulus and hardness and the annealing temperature exist for a specific type of clay-oxide multilayer. This work offers the basic and essential knowledge on design of clay-based nanostructured multilayers by layer-by-layer self-assembly.

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Evaluation of the elasticity normal to the basal plane of non-expandable 2:1 phyllosilicate minerals by nanoindentation

Cited by 32 publications

References 30 publications

Deformation mechanisms and evolution of the microstructure of gouge in the Main Fault in Opalinus Clay in the Mont Terri rock laboratory (CH)

Deformation mechanisms and evolution of the microstructure of gouge in the Main Fault in Opalinus Clay in the Mont Terri rock laboratory (CH)

Deformation mechanisms and evolution of the microstructure of gouge in the Main Fault in Opalinus Clay in the Mont Terri rock laboratory (CH)

Micromechanical Properties of Nanostructured Clay-Oxide Multilayers Synthesized by Layer-by-Layer Self-Assembly

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