Evaluation of the environmental impacts of rice paddy production using life cycle assessment: case study in Bangladesh

The potential of decarbonising rice and wheat by incorporating carbon capture, utilisation and storage into fertiliser production

“…It is demonstrated that the variation is mainly because it depends on the fertility of the underlying soil. 28 In Table 1, it can be observed that India and Japan present the highest and lowest emissions, respectively.…”

“…Fertiliser production and utilisation is one of the most representative contributors of GWP in rice and wheat production which is successively dominated by CO 2 , N 2 O, and CH 4 . 2,28 For example, the GWP of urea (fertiliser) production and supply in wheat represent around 34%, where 26%, 6.4% and 1.6% are related to CO 2 , N 2 O, and CH 4 , respectively. 28 Table 3 shows the contribution of GHG by fertiliser production in rice and wheat for Bangladesh, Thailand, China, Japan, Sweden, and Australia.…”

“…2,28 For example, the GWP of urea (fertiliser) production and supply in wheat represent around 34%, where 26%, 6.4% and 1.6% are related to CO 2 , N 2 O, and CH 4 , respectively. 28 Table 3 shows the contribution of GHG by fertiliser production in rice and wheat for Bangladesh, Thailand, China, Japan, Sweden, and Australia. Due to the lack of data, one of the assumptions considered in this work is that the percentage of CO 2 generated by fertiliser production only comes from the ammonia process, even when the fertiliser system involves other equipment e.g.…”

“…b 11% of CO 2 emission by fertiliser production includes the input of fertilisers and pesticides, rice seed production and transportation stages. c Due to the lack of information, this value is taken from the information provided for Bangladesh and Thailand 28,30 considering that China is located close to these countries.…”

“…d Due to the lack of information, this value is taken from information provided for Bangladesh and Thailand. 28,30 from 110 838 million tonnes per year to 25 018 million tonnes per year in rice, and from 24 472 million tonnes per year to 5547 million tonnes per year in wheat flour.…”