Evaluation of the establishment of herd immunity in the population by means of serological surveys and vaccination coverage

Plans-Rubió, Pedro

doi:10.4161/hv.18444

Cited by 121 publications

(108 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The only thing that can protect populations against a rapidly spreading disease is the disease's resistance created by herd immunity when the majority are immune after vaccinations. Given the highly contagious nature of diseases like measles, vaccination rates of 96% to 99% are necessary to preserve herd immunity and prevent future outbreaks [3]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Anti-vaccination Movement: A Regression in Modern Medicine

Hussain

Ali

Ahmed

et al. 2018

Cureus

322

298

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There have been recent trends of parents in Western countries refusing to vaccinate their children due to numerous reasons and perceived fears. While opposition to vaccines is as old as the vaccines themselves, there has been a recent surge in the opposition to vaccines in general, specifically against the MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) vaccine, most notably since the rise in prominence of the notorious British ex-physician, Andrew Wakefield, and his works. This has caused multiple measles outbreaks in Western countries where the measles virus was previously considered eliminated. This paper evaluates and reviews the origins of the anti-vaccination movement, the reasons behind the recent strengthening of the movement, role of the internet in the spread of anti-vaccination ideas, and the repercussions in terms of public health and safety.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Anti-vaccination Movement: A Regression in Modern Medicine

Hussain

Ali

Ahmed

et al. 2018

Cureus

322

298

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…In the context of evolving ACIP recommendations for varicella vaccination, this study analyzes a population of young adults entering military service, comparing those who acquired wild-type VZV infection in childhood to those who received varicella vaccination in childhood. With estimated varicella vaccine effectiveness and immunogenicity potentially lower than that needed to maintain herd immunity [19,20], young adult subpopulations unexposed to wild-type VZV may be at increased risk for varicella outbreaks. Negative outcomes due to chickenpox in young adults are estimated to be 2.2 times worse than expected in the pre-vaccine era [21] and the risk of death is 25 times greater compared to children aged 1-4 years [22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Varicella seroepidemiology in United States air force recruits: A retrospective cohort study comparing immunogenicity of varicella vaccination and natural infection

Duncan

Witkop

Webber

et al. 2017

Vaccine

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seroepidemiology in United States air force recruits: A retrospective cohort study comparing immunogenicity of varicella vaccination and natural infection" (2017 a b s t r a c tBackground/Objectives: Infection with varicella zoster virus (VZV) produces lifelong immunity, but duration of post-vaccination immunity has not been established. The purpose of this study is to determine if a difference exists in the long-term seropositivity of anti-VZV antibodies in a cohort of young adults who were vaccinated against varicella as compared to a similar cohort with a history of chickenpox disease, and to determine which variables best predict waning seropositivity following varicella vaccination. Methods: This retrospective cohort study captures immunization and serology data from approximately 10,000 recruits who entered basic military training between January 1, 2008, and December 31, 2015, and who have childhood immunization records in the Air Force Aeromedical Services Information Management System. Varicella vaccine immunogenicity was determined relative to the immunogenicity of chickenpox disease, as measured by multiplex flow immunoassay. Among vaccine recipients, waning seroimmunity was modeled and adjusted for several important covariates. Results: Basic military trainees who received varicella vaccine in childhood were 24% less likely to be seropositive to VZV than trainees who were exempt from vaccine due to a history of chickenpox disease. There was no significant difference in seropositivity between male and female trainees. The odds of a vaccinated trainee being seropositive to VZV decreased by 8% with each year elapsed since vaccination. Seroprevalence declined below estimated herd immunity thresholds in vaccinated trainees born after 1994, and in the cohort as a whole for trainees born after 1995. Conclusion: Despite prior vaccination, seroimmunity in a large cohort of young adults unexposed to wildtype VZV failed to meet the estimated threshold for herd immunity. If vaccination in accordance with the current US VZV vaccination schedule is inadequate to maintain herd immunity, young adults not previously exposed to wild-type VZV may be at increased risk for varicella outbreaks.Published by Elsevier Ltd.

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“…3 R 0 is the mean number of secondary infections per infectious agent that occurs during the course of the entire infectious period in a population that is 100% susceptible at time 0. 3 However, when a portion of the population is immune to a given disease, effective reproductive number ( R E ) is observed instead of R 0 . 3 When historical values of R 0 are available and R E can be approximated, the rate of immunity in the exposed population can be estimated.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3 However, when a portion of the population is immune to a given disease, effective reproductive number ( R E ) is observed instead of R 0 . 3 When historical values of R 0 are available and R E can be approximated, the rate of immunity in the exposed population can be estimated. 3 Furthermore, in situations where immunity is primarily conferred via vaccination, rate of immunity ( I ) and rate of vaccination effectiveness ( V E ) can be used to estimate rate of vaccination ( V ) in the exposed population as follows:

V = \frac{I}{V_{E}} = \frac{1 - (R_{E} ∕ R_{0})}{V_{E}}

To estimate the vaccination rate in the context of the 2015 measles outbreak, cumulative incidence data were obtained via the California Department of Public Health and Health-Map media alerts.…”