Evaluation of the Field Efficacy of Heterorhabditis Bacteriophora Poinar (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) and Synthetic Insecticides for the Control of Western Corn Rootworm Larvae

Abstract

The western corn rootworm (WCR), Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae), is an important insect pest of maize in North America and Central and Eastern Europe. In Central Europe, the larvae emerge in May and its three instars feed intensively on maize roots in June, causing plant lodging that leads to a loss of economic yield. A three-year field experiment (2016–2018) was conducted to compare the effectiveness i) of soil-applied granular insecticide based on the active ingredient tefluthrin, ii) of maize seeds dressed with thiacloprid, and iii) entomopathogenic nematodes Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae, product Dianem) against WCR larvae. An additional treatment with alcohol ethoxylate (i.e., soil conditioner) mixed with entomopathogenic nematodes was performed in 2017 and 2018 to check for any increase of entomopathogenic nematodes’ effectiveness. Field tests were carried out in two fields infested naturally with a WCR pest population, one in Bučečovci (Eastern Slovenia) and the other in Šmartno pri Cerkljah (northern Slovenia), exhibiting dissimilar pedo-climatic conditions and soil pest densities. The treatments were performed in five replicates per experiment in each year. The efficacy of the treatments was very similar at both locations, despite the approximately five-fold lower WCR soil pest densities in northern than in eastern Slovenia, as well as being constant over time. The largest number of WCR beetles was observed in the negative control, followed by that of beetles subjected to thiacloprid treatment (insignificant decrease taking into account the entire three-year dataset). Treatments with tefluthrin (44.1 ± 11.7%), H. bacteriophora (46.2 ± 7.4%), and H. bacteriophora + alcohol ethoxylate (49.2 ± 1.8%) significantly decreased the numbers of emerging beetles. Treatments of thiacloprid, H. bacteriophora, and H. bacteriophora + alcohol ethoxylate additionally led to significantly increased maize plant weights. Furthermore, entomopathogenic nematodes were able to persist in maize fields for almost five months at both experimental locations in silty and sandy loam soils. It was concluded that the control of WCR larvae in maize using the entomopathogenic nematode H. bacteriophora is as effective as a tefluthrin treatment, and could thus offer a sustainable Diabrotica v. virgifera biological control management option in Europe.

Risk Assessment and Area-Wide Crop Rotation to Keep Western Corn Rootworm below Damage Thresholds and Avoid Insecticide Use in European Maize Production

“…Only in-furrow applications of tefluthrin resulted in an estimated 50% risk reduction. In previous studies, this insecticide also showed potential to reduce WCR damage to roots [ 28 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 ]. Contrary to expectations, univariate analyses indicated that insecticidal seed treatments slightly increased the damage risk.…”

A survey of entomopathogenic nematodes and their symbiotic bacteria in agricultural areas of northern Thailand

“…This suggests that S. siamkayai may be used as a biocontrol agent for the control of insect pests in these areas, especially corn fields. A previous study used H. bacteriophora for controlling the larvae of western corn rootworm in maize crops (Modic et al ., 2020). Therefore, the application of S. siamkayai to control insect pests in corn fields may be feasible and potentially lead to the reduction of chemical insecticide use.…”

Biology and Management of Pest Diabrotica Species in South America

“…Rhabditid nematodes (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) have been studied to control corn rootworms for decades, often with promising results. In the field, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) was as effective as tefluthrin in controlling Diabrotica virgifera virgifera in corn crop [119] and with a long residual action in the soil [120,121]. Seventeen native and exotic entomopathogenic nematode isolates (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) were tested against D. speciosa under laboratory and greenhouse conditions in Brazil on eggs, third (last) instars, and pupae.…”