Evaluation of the genotoxicity of clomiphene citrate

Yılmaz, Serkan; Ünal, Fatma; Yılmaz, Ebru Şebnem; Yüzbaşıoğlu, Deniz; İLHAN, Sibel ERKAL

doi:10.1016/j.mrgentox.2013.07.014

Cited by 14 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 82 publications

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“…It also caused cell cycle delay by decreasing the mitotic index. In this work authors have also reported that clomiphene did cause neither base-pair substitutions nor frame-shift mutations in S. typhimurium TA98 and TA100 strains (Yılmaz et al 2014). In our laboratory we have also worked on the SCE induction of clomiphene in human lymphocytes (Unpublished report).…”

Section: Genotoxicitymentioning

confidence: 54%

“…Hastwell et al (2009) reported that clomiphene has no genotoxic affect on the human lymphoblastoid TK6 cell line using the GADD45a-GFP ''Green Screen HC'' genotoxicity assay. Yılmaz et al (2014) reported that 0.4, 0.8, 1.6 and 3.2 lg/mL concentrations of clomiphene caused significant increase in chromosomal aberrations, micronucleus frequency and DNA damage (comet assay) in human lymphocytes. It also caused cell cycle delay by decreasing the mitotic index.…”

Section: Genotoxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genotoxicity of the some selective estrogen receptor modulators: a review

2014

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The objective of this article is to review genotoxicological profile of the major selective estrogen receptor modulators, including clomiphene, tamoxifen, toremifene, raloxifene. These drugs have been used for infertility treatment and breast cancer prevention in high risk-women. However, some studies reported that especially tamoxifen is a genotoxic agent and is related with endometrial cancer. Our review indicate that clomiphene and tamoxifen were found as genotoxic agent in majority of the tests. However published reports showed that toremifene is a weakly genotoxic agent. The genotoxic effects of raloxifene are still poorly known. Further genotoxicity studies should be conducted especially for raloxifene.

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Section: Genotoxicitymentioning

confidence: 54%

Section: Genotoxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotoxicity of the some selective estrogen receptor modulators: a review

2014

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“…They observed statistically significant differences among all parameters of cell abnormalities and MN cells except for the anaphase bridge abnormality by using high doses of subcutaneous gonadotropins. Yılmaz et al (2014) explained that the concentrations of 0.40, 0.80, 1.60, and 3.20 μg/ml of CC significantly increased the frequency of MN in cultured human lymphocytes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…For these reasons, our investigation is the first study that covers the chromosomal abnormalities in IVF patients. However, Yılmaz et al (2014) reported that clomiphene citrate (CC), which is an estrogen-receptor modulator used in IVF treatment, increased the chromosomal aberrations in in vitro human lymphocytes. The second test used in our investigation was the SCE test.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Clomiphene citrate genotoxicity was studied with different cytogenetic assays in human lymphocytes such as the chromosome aberration (CA) assay, the micronucleus (MN) test, the comet assay, and the test for bacterial mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100 (Ames test). CC caused a significant increase in total chromosomal aberrations, micronuclei, and comet tail length but no gene mutation was observed in S. typhimurium (Yılmaz et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 87%

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The determination of possible genetic damage to women undergoing in vitro fertilization due to infertility caused by the male factor

Özden

Yüzbaşıoğlu

Ünal

et al. 2014

Food and Chemical Toxicology

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Safety of clomiphene citrate: a literature review

et al. 2017

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Clomiphene citrate (CC) is a nonsteroidal compound and induces ovulation indirectly. The wide usage of the CC raises a question; is it safe or not? In the light of this question, this review aimed to highlight all researches and insights into the association between the use of CC and risk of genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, embryotoxicity, teratogenicity and risk of different cancer types. We conducted a MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar search. After a careful screening process of all authors, 32 of these articles were considered as appropriate, and reviewed. Our evaluations showed that CC has genotoxic, cytotoxic, embryotoxic and teratogenic properties. There is no association between the use of CC and risk of ovarian, breast, uterine, cervix, endometrium, lung, colorectal cancer, and lymphoma. However, risk increased especially after 6 cycles of use and especially in nulligravid women. The use of CC should be restricted to 6 cycles. Moreover, malignant melanoma and thyroid cancer risk was found to be higher among CC treated women in almost all studies. Further works should be conducted especially in animal models to assess its risk features.

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Evaluation of the genotoxicity of clomiphene citrate

Cited by 14 publications

References 82 publications

Genotoxicity of the some selective estrogen receptor modulators: a review

Genotoxicity of the some selective estrogen receptor modulators: a review

The determination of possible genetic damage to women undergoing in vitro fertilization due to infertility caused by the male factor

Safety of clomiphene citrate: a literature review

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