Evaluation of the Hydrodesulfurization Activity in Development of Catalysts for Demetallization of Heavy Petroleum Feedstock

Removal of Inorganic Impurities in the Fast Pyrolysis Bio-oil Using Sorbents at Ambient Temperature

“…To overcome such catalyst deactivation, a guard bed is commonly used in fossil refineries for the selective removal of unwanted impurities. The guard bed can, e.g., be a column with multiple packed beds with robust, low-performance catalysts that remove poisonous organic and inorganic compounds from the oil. − The treated oil can then be upgraded further with fewer costly shutdowns induced by catalyst deactivation.…”

“…Demetallization and the removal of alkalis and other inorganic elements by adsorption are well-established processes found in existing petroleum refineries, wastewater treatment, , and plastic recycling processes . Adsorbents reported as being able to capture alkali and alkali earth metals, heavy metals, transition metals, and half-metals are aluminum oxides, , zeolites, ,, activated carbon, ,, and ion-exchange resins . These adsorbents and ion-exchangers show a high adsorption capacity and a regeneration rate, making them suitable for industrial applications. , The removal of impurities found in the FPBO that are poisonous to catalysts is an important direction for future research, as described by Oasmaa et al and Arora et al , To the best of our knowledge, there is only one study pertaining to the removal of inorganic cations in real pyrolysis oils.…”

Demetallization of Heavy Oils of High Metal Content through Pyrolysis under Supercritical Water Environment

“…Hydrogenation is commonly used in the industry for demetallization. , The vanadium and nickel contained in heavy oil may exist in porphyrin, aetioporphyrin, and nonporphyrin complexes . The stability of metal porphyrins is destroyed by saturating porphyrin rings, but the subsequent metal deposition results in permanent deactivation of the hydrogenation catalyst.…”

Ni-Based Nanoparticles on Mesoporous Silica Supports for Single-Stage Arsenic and Chlorine Removal during Diesel Fraction Hydrotreating

“…To avoid the irreversible poisoning of hydrotreating catalysts by different contaminants and to improve the hydrodynamic conditions, guard bed catalysts should be applied. , The potential supports that can provide a high adsorption capacity, effective filtration, and decent mechanical strength as pellets are mesoporous materials. Mesoporous materials (unlike zeolites) are preferred because of their highly ordered pores and high surface area, which does not restrict the diffusion and adsorption of large molecules. ,− These characteristics are highly advantageous for a wide range of applications, particularly in hydrotreating catalysis, because the material pore size exceeds the size of the molecules of middle distillates, and in particular, arsenic compounds. − Moreover, the controlled medium acidity of these materials would not cause cracking reactions.…”

“…To avoid the irreversible poisoning of hydrotreating catalysts by different contaminants and to improve the hydrodynamic conditions, guard bed catalysts should be applied. 30,31 The potential supports that can provide a high adsorption capacity, effective filtration, and decent mechanical strength as pellets are mesoporous materials. Mesoporous materials (unlike zeolites) are preferred because of their highly ordered pores and high surface area, which does not restrict the diffusion and adsorption of large molecules.…”