EVALUATION OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE TO <i>T. VERRUCOSUM</i> VACCINES

Abstract

Dermatophytosis is considered as one of the most important fungal skin disease affecting both humans and animals otherwise its importance as zoonotic disease. Treatment of ringworm in cattle is expensive and time consuming especially on herd level. Vaccination can be a giant step forward to prevent the occurrence of mycozoonosis between the affected animals with ringworm and susceptible man. Fifty skins scraping samples were collected from animals (cattle, sheep and calves) suffering from skin lesions suspected to be ringworm. Then these collected samples were subjected to mycological examination and identification. T. verrucosum is the main causative agent of collected skin scrapings. Two types of vaccines were prepared from this strain (Culture filtrate and formalin inactivated vaccines). Rabbit model was used for challenge testing of the vaccines. The rabbits were separated into four groups as follow: Each group contained 3 rabbits each one was injected subcutaneously with 1ml of culture filtrate with adjuvant twice for seven days intervals. Group No. 2 rabbits each one was injected intramuscularly with 1 mL formalin-inactivated with adjuvant. The 3rd group is control positive and 4th one is control negative. Vaccination programme is done via injection twice with one week interval and the challenge by scarification of the skin with 0.2 mL of 5×10 7 fungal elements/mL. For 3 days. Humeral immune response was assessed by measuring anti-T. verrucosum antibodies using ELISA technique (direct method). By using statistical analysis of ANOVA, the mean optical density of anti-T. verrucosum specific IgG level in rabbits artificially immunized with culture filtrate with adjuvant vaccine significantly increase from (1.97) post first vaccination to reach (2.43) post second vaccination and still high after challenge with the virulent T. verrucosum strain (2.32) when compared with control positive (1.57). The results revealed that both type of vaccines induce good humeral immune response in vaccinated animals. Culture filtrate vaccine used as a treatment in infected farm animals by two doses within 2 weeks and noted that healing occurred.

MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION AND IMMUNOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDE OF <I>KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE</I> ISOLATED FROM FARM ANIMALS AT TAIF GOVERNORATE

“…3-8). These results agree with Zahran and Abdeen (2013). who previously shown that anti-CPSs either passively transferred or engendered following immunization with CPSs were highly protective in mice model protection and were correlated with high titers of circulating anti-CPSs antibody.…”

“…Data presented in Table 5 illustrated that significant increase in antibodies titre of antiKlebsiella pneumoniae was observed during different intervals post immunization, the level of antibody titer reached to the highest level at the 2nd week post 1st dose of immunization. This result similarly agrees with Zahran and Abdeen (2013), who reported that maximal anti-CPSs antibody titre were seen 14 days after a single dose of immunization. Liu et al (2013), found that the immunization with CPSs evoked high titre of anti-CPSs antibodies, which conferred a significant degree of protection against Klebsiella pneumoniae.…”

“…The present experimental study has demonstrated that CPSs of Klebsiella pneumoniae subspecies were capable of inducing protective immunity against virulent challenge with homologous and hetrologous strains in mice ( Table 6). This result revealed that CPSs have high immune protective activity in mice due to their molecular conformation and other constituents of cell surface preparation as protein and LPSs act as adjuvant or carrier for CPSs (Zahran and Abdeen, 2013). It has been pointed that in vivo growth of bacteria and their reisolations from lung, liver and spleen in experimentally infected period of time are useful criteria by which protective immunity to Klebsiella is detected, Table 6.…”

“…Serum collected from cows, sheep, goats and camels were subjected to ELISA to detect anticapsular polysaccharide antibodies in examined animals (Zahran and Abdeen, 2013).…”

“…Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for detection of anti-capsular polysaccharide antibodies was performed as recorded by Zahran and Abdeen (2013).…”