Evaluation of the In Vivo Biocompatibility of Amorphous Calcium Phosphate-Containing Metals

Abstract

Among the biomaterials based on calcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite has been widely used due to its biocompatibility and osteoconduction. The substitution of the phosphate group by the carbonate group associated with the absence of heat treatment and low synthesis temperature leads to the formation of carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHA). The association of CHA with other metals (strontium, zinc, magnesium, iron, and manganese) produces amorphous calcium phosphate-containing metals (ACPMetals), which can optimize their properties and mimic biological apatite. This study aimed to evaluate the biocompatibility and biodegradation of ACPMetals in mice subcutaneous tissue. The materials were physicochemically characterized with Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). Balb-C mice (n = 45) were randomly divided into three groups: carbonated hydroxyapatite, CHA (n = 15), ACPMetals (n = 15), and without implantation of material (SHAM, n = 15). The groups were subdivided into three experimental periods (1, 3, and 9 weeks). The samples were processed histologically for descriptive and semiquantitative evaluation of the biological effect of biomaterials according to ISO 10993-6:2016. The ACPMetals group was partially biodegradable; however, it presented a severe irritating reaction after 1 and 3 weeks and moderately irritating after nine weeks. Future studies with other concentrations and other metals should be carried out to mimic biological apatite.

In Vivo Evaluation of Permeable and Impermeable Membranes for Guided Bone Regeneration

“…To evaluate the biological performance of PLGA + PTMC membranes with an indication for GBR, this study used the subcutaneous tissue of rats as an experimental site. This model is widely used in material biocompatibility assessment studies [ 17 , 32 , 33 ], since it is considered easy to handle, low-cost, and safe. In addition, this surgical site is standardized by ISO 10993-6/2016 [ 10 , 33 , 34 ] to assess the biocompatibility of biomaterials by analyzing the recruitment of inflammatory cells and also allows the understanding of how the tissue responds to the presence of membranes, as well as the chronological events of biodegradation [ 17 , 27 ].…”

“…This model is widely used in material biocompatibility assessment studies [ 17 , 32 , 33 ], since it is considered easy to handle, low-cost, and safe. In addition, this surgical site is standardized by ISO 10993-6/2016 [ 10 , 33 , 34 ] to assess the biocompatibility of biomaterials by analyzing the recruitment of inflammatory cells and also allows the understanding of how the tissue responds to the presence of membranes, as well as the chronological events of biodegradation [ 17 , 27 ]. Considering the concepts of translational research, the objective of this study is not to extrapolate the results for human use but to comprehend the behavior of membranes in terms of biocompatibility and biodegradation after implantation, supporting future research in humans.…”

Development of Biomaterials Based on Biomimetic Trace Elements Co-Doped Hydroxyapatite: Physical, In Vitro Osteoblast-like Cell Growth and In Vivo Cytotoxicity in Zebrafish Studies

“…These ions are very important since they are found in different protein complexes (enzymes) which control physiological functions and environments and modulate the equilibrium conditions in the osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes. In addition, these ions would directly influence the process of the bone healing process by the release effects of the biologically active ions on cellular activities to direct cellular ingrowth and consequently tissue regeneration [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ]. To study the effect of biomimetic trace ions on bone tissue regeneration, Mansour, A. et al [ 14 ], produced a CaP cement with biomimetic trace elements (such as Na + , K + , Mg 2+ , Sr 2+ , Zn 2+ , Ni 2+ , Ti + , Mo + , Cr 3+ , etc.)…”

Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose-controlled in vitro calcium phosphate biomineralization

“…8 Researchers stated that these compositions have several advantages in tissue engineering applications due to their biocompatibility, porosity, surface charge density, functionality, solubility, self-setting properties, injectability, unique formability and low degradability compared to other bioceramics. 9,10 The gel diffusion method is a remarkably simple, efficient and inexpensive process that allows us to demonstrate the mechanism of mineral formation in calcified tissues and crystal deposition diseases. [11][12][13][14] Among all biomaterials, silica and gelatin hydrogels have been widely used with respect to generation of DCPD and OCP biocomposites.…”

“…8 Researchers stated that these compositions have several advantages in tissue engineering applications due to their biocompatibility, porosity, surface charge density, functionality, solubility, self-setting properties, injectability, unique formability and low degradability compared to other bioceramics. 9,10…”