This study discusses the importance of population genetics in the context of crop improvement and its role in addressing challenges related to food security. Population genetics is crucial in identifying desirable traits and genetic markers, developing breeding strategies and improving the efficacy of crop improvement programs. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations emphasizes the importance of crop improvement in addressing global food security challenges and highlights the role of population genetics in improving crop yields, developing new varieties, and increasing the resilience of crops to environmental stressors. By using population genetics to improve crop yields, disease resistance, and other desirable traits, breeders can help ensure a sustainable and secure food supply for future generations.