Evaluation of the intranasal route for porcine reproductive and respiratory disease modified-live virus vaccination

Opriessnig, Tanja; Rawal, Gaurav; McKeen, Lauren; Favaro, Patrícia Filippsen; Halbur, Patrick G.; Gauger, Phillip C.

doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.10.033

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…If and how the route of inoculation impacts protection and correlates of protection represents an important future research question, although it was recently shown that the MLV vaccine can also be protective when applied via the intranasal route ( 25 ). To address the limitations of the present work, we recommend that future studies are designed with increased number of animals per group to enable group-specific correlation analyses.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systems Immunology Analyses Following Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome Virus Infection and Vaccination

Bocard¹,

Kick

Hug³

et al. 2021

Front. Immunol.

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This study was initiated to better understand the nature of innate immune responses and the relatively weak and delayed immune response against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Following modified live virus (MLV) vaccination or infection with two PRRSV-2 strains, we analyzed the transcriptome of peripheral blood mononuclear cells collected before and at three and seven days after vaccination or infection. We used blood transcriptional modules (BTMs)-based gene set enrichment analyses. BTMs related to innate immune processes were upregulated by PRRSV-2 strains but downregulated by MLV. In contrast, BTMs related to adaptive immune responses, in particular T cells and cell cycle, were downregulated by PRRSV-2 but upregulated by MLV. In addition, we found differences between the PRRSV strains. Only the more virulent strain induced a strong platelet activation, dendritic cell activation, interferon type I and plasma cell responses. We also calculated the correlations of BTM with the neutralizing antibody and the T-cell responses. Early downregulation (day 0–3) of dendritic cell and B-cell BTM correlated to both CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses. Furthermore, a late (day 3–7) upregulation of interferon type I modules strongly correlated to helper and regulatory T-cell responses, while inflammatory BTM upregulation correlated more to CD8 T-cell responses. BTM related to T cells had positive correlations at three days but negative associations at seven days post-infection. Taken together, this work contributes to resolve the complexity of the innate and adaptive immune responses against PRRSV and indicates a fundamentally different immune response to the less immunogenic MLV compared to field strains which induced robust adaptive immune responses. The identified correlates of T-cell responses will facilitate a rational approach to improve the immunogenicity of MLV.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systems Immunology Analyses Following Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome Virus Infection and Vaccination

Bocard¹,

Kick

Hug³

et al. 2021

Front. Immunol.

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“…Nucleic acids were extracted from serum samples and nasal swabs using the MagMAX™ Pathogen RNA/DNA kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and a Kingfisher Flex instrument (Thermo Fisher Scientific) following the manufacturer's instructions. For each sample, 100 μl of the nucleic acids were eluted into 90 μl of elution buffer as described ( 20 ). A quantitative reverse transcription (RT) PCR was performed using the Commercial PRRSV screening RT-PCR, VetMAX™ PRRSV NA&EU Reagent (Thermo Fisher Scientific).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploratory application of a cannulation model in recently weaned pigs to monitor longitudinal changes in the enteric microbiome across varied porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection statuses

Opriessnig,

Halbur,

Bayne

et al. 2024

Front. Vet. Sci.

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IntroductionThe enteric microbiome and its possible modulation to improve feed conversion or vaccine efficacy is gaining more attention in pigs. Weaning pigs from their dam, along with many routine procedures, is stressful. A better understanding of the impact of this process on the microbiome may be important for improving pig production. The objective of this study was to develop a weaner pig cannulation model, thus allowing ileum content collection from the same pig over time for 16S rRNA sequencing under different porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection statuses.MethodsA total of 15 3-week-old pigs underwent abdominal surgery and were fitted with an ileum cannula, with ileum contents collected over time. In this pilot study, treatment groups included a NEG-CONTROL group (no vaccination, no PRRSV challenge), a POS-CONTROL group (no vaccination, challenged with PRRSV), a VAC-PRRSV group (vaccinated, challenged with PRRSV), a VAC-PRO-PRRSV group (vaccinated, supplemented with a probiotic, challenged with PRRSV), and a VAC-ANTI-PRRSV group (vaccinated, administered an antibiotic, challenged with PRRSV). We assessed the microbiome over time and measured anti-PRRSV serum antibodies, PRRSV load in serum and nasal samples, and the severity of lung lesions.ResultsVaccination was protective against PRRSV challenge, irrespective of other treatments. All vaccinated pigs mounted an immune response to PRRSV within 1 week after vaccination. A discernible impact of treatment on the diversity, structure, and taxonomic abundance of the enteric microbiome among the groups was not observed. Instead, significant influences on the ileum microbiome were observed in relation to time and treatment.DiscussionThe cannulation model described in this pilot study has the potential to be useful in studying the impact of weaning, vaccination, disease challenge, and antimicrobial administration on the enteric microbiome and its impact on pig health and production. Remarkably, despite the cannulation procedures, all vaccinated pigs exhibited robust immune responses and remained protected against PRRSV challenge, as evidenced by the development of anti-PRRSV serum antibodies and viral shedding data.

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“…On the arrival day, forty-eight pigs were housed in Pen A of six rooms (8 pigs per group per room) as inoculation pigs, and the remaining 24 pigs were housed in two additional large rooms with 12 pigs per room to serve as contact pigs later on. After seven days of acclimation, the inoculation pigs in groups 1 through 5 were inoculated with the respective ZMAC isolate at the appropriate dilution via the intramuscular route (2 mL/pig) in the neck muscle area and the intranasal route (2 mL/nostril) using mucosal atomization devices (MADs) fitted to a syringe that generated mist or sprays by manual pressure, which resulted in particle sizes of 30-100 µm [40], with each pig After seven days of acclimation, the inoculation pigs in groups 1 through 5 were inoculated with the respective ZMAC isolate at the appropriate dilution via the intramuscular route (2 mL/pig) in the neck muscle area and the intranasal route (2 mL/nostril) using mucosal atomization devices (MADs) fitted to a syringe that generated mist or sprays by manual pressure, which resulted in particle sizes of 30-100 µm [40], with each pig receiving 10 6 TCID 50 of the respective virus inoculum in total. The inoculation pigs in group 6 were inoculated with a virus-negative medium following the same administration routes and the same volume.…”

Section: Animal Study Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vivo and In Vitro Characterization of the Recently Emergent PRRSV 1-4-4 L1C Variant (L1C.5) in Comparison with Other PRRSV-2 Lineage 1 Isolates

Rawal,

Almeida,

Gauger

et al. 2023

Viruses

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The recently emerged PRRSV 1-4-4 L1C variant (L1C.5) was in vivo and in vitro characterized in this study in comparison with three other contemporary 1-4-4 isolates (L1C.1, L1A, and L1H) and one 1-7-4 L1A isolate. Seventy-two 3-week-old PRRSV-naive pigs were divided into six groups with twelve pigs/group. Forty-eight pigs (eight/group) were for inoculation, and 24 pigs (four/group) served as contact pigs. Pigs in pen A of each room were inoculated with the corresponding virus or negative media. At two days post inoculation (DPI), contact pigs were added to pen B adjacent to pen A in each room. Pigs were necropsied at 10 and 28 DPI. Compared to other virus-inoculated groups, the L1C.5-inoculated pigs exhibited more severe anorexia and lethargy, higher mortality, a higher fraction of pigs with fever (>40 °C), higher average temperature at several DPIs, and higher viremia levels at 2 DPI. A higher percentage of the contact pigs in the L1C.5 group became viremic at two days post contact, implying the higher transmissibility of this virus strain. It was also found that some PRRSV isolates caused brain infection in inoculation pigs and/or contact pigs. The complete genome sequences and growth characteristics in ZMAC cells of five PRRSV-2 isolates were further compared. Collectively, this study confirms that the PRRSV 1-4-4 L1C variant (L1C.5) is highly virulent with potential higher transmissibility, but the genetic determinants of virulence remain to be elucidated.

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Evaluation of the intranasal route for porcine reproductive and respiratory disease modified-live virus vaccination

Cited by 5 publications

References 36 publications

Systems Immunology Analyses Following Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome Virus Infection and Vaccination

Systems Immunology Analyses Following Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome Virus Infection and Vaccination

Exploratory application of a cannulation model in recently weaned pigs to monitor longitudinal changes in the enteric microbiome across varied porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection statuses

In Vivo and In Vitro Characterization of the Recently Emergent PRRSV 1-4-4 L1C Variant (L1C.5) in Comparison with Other PRRSV-2 Lineage 1 Isolates

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