Evaluation of the lake model FLake over a coastal lagoon during the THAUMEX field campaign

Abstract

A B S T R A C T The THAUMEX measurement campaign, carried out during the summer of 2011 in Thau, a coastal lagoon in southern France, focused on episodes of marine breezes. During the campaign, three intensive observation periods (IOPs) were conducted and a large amount of data were collected. Subsequently, standalone modelling using the FLake lake model was used, first to assess the surface temperature and the surface energy balance, and second to determine the energy budget of the water column at the measurement site. Surface fluxes were validated against in situ measurements, and it was determined that heat exchanges are dominated by evaporation. We also demonstrated that the model was sensitive to the light extinction coefficient at Thau, due to its shallowness and clarity nature. A heat balance was calculated, and the inclusion of a radiative temperature has improved it, especially by reducing the nocturnal evaporation. The FLake lake model was then evaluated in three-dimensional numerical simulations performed with the Meso-NH mesoscale model, in order to assess the changing structure of the boundary layer above the lagoon during the IOPs more accurately. We highlighted the first time ever when Meso-NH and FLake were coupled and proved the ability of the coupled system to forecast a complex phenomenon but also the importance of the use of the FLake model was pointed out. We demonstrated the impact of the lagoon and more precisely the Lido, a sandy strip of land between the lagoon and the Mediterranean Sea, on the vertical distribution of turbulent kinetic energy, evidence of the turbulence induced by the breeze. This study showed the complementarities between standalone and coupled simulations.

Lake–atmosphere interactions at Alqueva reservoir: a case study in the summer of 2014

“…This field campaign gave continuity to previous studies (e.g. Salgado and Le Moigne, 2010;Le Moigne et al, 2013) performed in Alqueva reservoir in the summer of 2007 and in Thau Lagoon in the summer of 2011, with the objectives of understanding mass, energy and momentum exchanges between the atmosphere and reservoirs.…”

Lake heatwaves under climate change

“…Thus, hypersaline lakes were not included in this study. However, previous studies have demonstrated the ability of the model to simulate accurately the surface conditions of lakes along salinity gradients 8,53,[57][58][59] and FLake is even used in numerical weather prediction models to simulate shallow coastal waters (e.g., ECMWF's Integrated Forecasting System) 53 . Thus, while we caution against the use of FLake for simulating the thermal dynamics of brackish lakes, particularly without modifying the model source code 60 , we include some brackish lakes here as validation data was available, and the model performed well when compared to observations of both surface temperature and the lake heatwave metrics investigated.…”

Overview of the Meso-NH model version 5.4 and its applications

“…Urban meteorology constitutes one such application because cities modify the local meteorology, creating their own microclimate, such as the urban heat island (UHI). Lemonsu and Masson (2002) presented the world's first UHI mesoscale simulation coupled with an urban model (TEB), which was able to numerically reproduce an UHI of 8 K for the agglomeration of Paris.…”