“…As Th1 responses are associated with lesion development in bTB, the presence of liver fluke infection could promote a shift towards a Th2‐type immune response and potentially restrain the progression of lesion development. It should be noted that surveillance data have less than perfect sensitivity or specificity in detecting liver fluke (recent European studies suggest sensitivity of 0.63–0.68 and specificity 0.88–1.00; Mazeri, Sargison, Kelly, Bronsvoort, & Handel, ; Rapsch et al., ), which could impact on our inferences here (potentially conservatively biasing our inferences towards the null; Schennach, ). Indeed, similarly, the ability to detect bTB visible lesions at slaughter is less than perfect (though specificity is close to 1; Lahuerta‐Marin et al., ), which is a general limitation to these study types (e.g., Downs et al., ; O'Hagan et al., ; Olea‐Popelka et al., ; Wright et al., ).…”