“…Recently, several PS have gained prominence in clinical trials and applicatio The role of the PS in the success of PDT is indispensable due to their crucial f in the photosensitisation process. For optimum therapeutic activity, suitable PS pected to possess several characteristics, including good solubility in biological deep tissue penetration, minimal dark toxicity, intense Q-band absorption within t apeutic window (600 nm-800 nm), purity, photothermal stability, and high singlet quantum yields [18,[22][23][24]. However, there have been cases where pristine PS ex low purity, undesirable side effects (skin irritation), limited efficacy in deep tissue and reduced specificity, necessitating the need for PS with precise selectivity and ity, high purity, and deep tissue penetration [18].…”