Evaluation of the potential teratogenic and toxic effect of the herbicide 2,4-D (DMA® 806) in bullfrog embryos and tadpoles (Lithobates catesbeianus)

Histopathological changes in Lithobates catesbeianus tadpoles used as biomarkers of pesticide poisoning

“…The mean values of the physical and chemical parameters of the water measured before and after the solution renewal, respectively, during the chronic toxicity test were as follows: temperature 22.9 ± 0.7°C and 22.9 ± 0.9°C; dissolved oxygen 7.0 ± 0.3 and 6.7 ± 0.5 mg L -1 ; pH 7.3 ± 0.2 and 7.7 ± 0.4; and electrical conductivity 121.0 ± 2.0 and 123.0 ± 3.0 μS cm -1 . They remained within the proper conditions for the maintenance of these animals in toxicology experiments (Viriato et al, 2021).…”

“…Bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus) have been used in ecotoxicological tests (Viriato et al, 2021;Grott et al, 2022;Pontes et al, 2022). They represent an excellent experimental tool, as they are rustic, tolerant to diseases and infections, can be found in commercial farms, and, at the same time, are sensitive to exposure to pollutants (Ossana et al, 2013;França et al, 2015;Miaud et al, 2016).…”

Moving-bed biofilm reactor combined with three-dimensional electrochemical pretreatment (MBBR–3DE) for 2,4-D herbicide treatment: application for real wastewater, improvement of biodegradability

“…In this study, Grau rst order and second-order models were used to investigate the reaction kinetics. Thus, by changing the amount of COD of the inlet solution and the change in retention time (5,10,15,21, and 24 h) in optimal process conditions (lling ratio of 70% and 60% 2,4-D herbicide solution), changes in organic loading were applied. The results of the data obtained from the initial COD values of 2,4-D and the outlet of each of the desired retention times were placed in the equations of each model (eqn (1) and 2).…”

“…4 These herbicides have low biodegradability and toxicity (carcinogenic, teratogenic, mutagenic, adverse effects on the endocrine system, hepatotoxicity, and renal toxicity). 5,6 Many attempts for the elimination of this herbicide using techniques, e.g., adsorption, 4,7 biological degradation 8 and advances oxidation process (AOPs) 9 have been made, and different disadvantages have been observed for their application, some of which are listed as follows: high cost, incomplete pollutant removal, production of toxic by-products, need to add chemical compounds, sludge production and need for more treatment. 10 Over the past few years, electrochemical technologies have been associated with signicant progress in solving water and wastewater problems.…”

Histopathological changes in the gills of zebrafish (Danio rerio) and bullfrog tadpoles (Lithobates catesbeianus) caused by the use of formaldehyde

“…They are very vascularized and are responsible for gas exchange. They are also involved in a lot of mucus (Bueno-Guimarães et al, 2001;Viriato et al, 2020) (Figure 3). In zebrafish exposed to sublethal concentrations of formaldehyde, morphological alterations in the gills were observed.…”