Evaluation of the Protection Effectiveness of Natural Protected Areas on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau Based on Ecosystem Services

Abstract

Evaluating the protection effectiveness of natural protected areas is an important step in successful management. Adopting 330 natural protected areas on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau as research subjects, the regional dominant ecosystem service function was selected, and various temporal and spatial analysis methods were employed to analyze the evolution characteristics and influencing factors of ecosystem service patterns from 2000 to 2020. Our results indicated that (1) the water conservation function stabilized after fluctuation and decline, the soil conservation function fluctuated upward, and the windbreak and sand fixation function exhibited an increase after a decreasing fluctuation. (2) The protection effectiveness of25 protected areas significantly improved, that of 151 protected areas improved, that of 84 protected areas stabilized, that of 56 protected areas worsened, and that of 14 protected areas significantly worsened. (3) The top three influencing factors in descending order were precipitation change > altitude > mining area density. (4) Remarkable protection results were achieved in national protected areas, established management institutions, earlier established areas (before 2000), and areas exhibiting alow built-up area density (<0.75%) and low mining density (<1%). Our study provides technical support for the construction and management of protected areas and improvement in ecosystem service functions on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau.

Impact of Climate Change on Alpine Phenology over the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau from 1981 to 2020

“…ANUSPLIN is a widely used software for fitting climate data surfaces based on the thin plate spline theory [26][27][28][29]. This method incorporates a linear covariant submodel that considers the relationship between temperature, elevation, precipitation and coastline, except ordinary spline-independent variables.…”