Evaluation of the short term 12 hour toxicity of 3‐trifluoromethyl‐4‐nitrophenol (TFM) to multiple life stages of Venustaconcha ellipsiformis and Epioblasma triquetra and its host fish (Percina caprodes)

Abstract

The present study evaluated the risk of 12-h exposures of the lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) to multiple life stages of the federally endangered snuffbox (Epioblasma triquetra) and its primary host fish the common logperch (Percina caprodes) as well as a surrogate to the snuffbox, the ellipse (Venustaconcha ellipsiformis). Life stages examined included free glochidia, 1-wk juveniles, and adults of the ellipse; free glochidia, glochidia on host fish, and 1-wk juveniles of the snuffbox; and adult logperch. Larval sea lampreys were also tested alongside adult ellipse and logperch for direct comparison. Survival exceeded 82% among all life stages in both mussel species at levels up to 1.8 times what would be applied during treatments, suggesting that routine sea lamprey control operations would not adversely affect mussels. However, substantial mortality of adult logperch was observed at TFM concentrations typically applied to streams, and loss of host fish could adversely affect snuffbox reproduction. In addition, TFM had no significant effect on the number of glochidia that metamorphosed on adult logperch. Although the snuffbox is not likely to be acutely affected from sea lamprey control operations, mitigation efforts to minimize impacts to the host fish should be considered.

Acute Toxicity of the Lampricide 4‐Nitro‐3‐(trifluoromethyl)phenol to the Mussel (Obovaria subrotunda), Its Host (Percina maculata), and a Surrogate Mussel Species (Obovaria olivaria)

“…Viability was >91% at concentrations up to 2.4 ×MLC for O. olivaria and >85% at concentrations up to 2.6 ×MLC (Table 1). Similarly, 12‐h viability of Epioblasma triquetra (snuffbox) and Venustaconcha ellipsiformis (ellipse) glochidia was ≥85% at concentrations up to 2.3 ×MLC (Boogaard et al, 2015). Thus, TFM was not acutely toxic to the glochidial life stage of either species.…”

“…The 24-h toxicity ratios for O. olivaria and O. subrotunda juveniles (2.3 and 2.0, respectively) fall near the bottom (most sensitive) of this species sensitivity distribution. Similarly, the 12-h toxicity ratio of the data in Boogaard et al (2015) for V. ellipsiformis juveniles was 2.6. Even allowing for potential differences in toxicity between 12-and 24-h exposures (but see Newton et al, 2023, who observed no differences in toxicity between 12-and 24-h exposure of Lampsilis cardium [plain pocketbook] glochidia to TFM and TFM with 1% niclosamide), mussels appear to be near the bottom of the species sensitivity distributions for TFM.…”

“…For example, survival of O. olivaria was approximately 90% at 2.0 ×MLC but approximately 8% at 2.5 ×MLC; a similar pattern was observed for O. subrotunda. Similarly, survival of juvenile V. ellipsiformis when exposed to TFM was approximately 96% at 2.2 ×MLC but approximately 26% at 2.7 ×MLC (Boogaard et al, 2015). The narrow threshold in acute toxicity of these species to TFM warrants consideration by resource managers.…”

Use of physiological knowledge to control the invasive sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) in the Laurentian Great Lakes

“…Even though much has been learned about the mode of action of lampricides, particularly TFM, elucidation of exactly how TFM and niclosamide disrupt oxidative phosphorylation could provide further information to enhance current lampricide treatments and insights into the identification and development of more effective and selective lampricides. Although the effects of lampricides on stream macro-invertebrates has been studied (Gilderhus et al, 1975; Maki et al, 1975; Gilderhus and Johnson, 1980; Waller et al, 2003; Weisser et al, 2003; Boogaard and Rivera, 2011; Boogaard et al, 2015; Newton et al, 2017), research addressing the non-target effects of lampricides has mostly focused on fishes (Dahl and McDonald, 1980; Boogaard et al, 2003). A more complete understanding of lampricide effects on a suite of aquatic organisms would provide insights on how to be more effective at targeting sea lamprey while minimizing impacts to non-target organisms through the revision of protocols or the development of new lampricides.…”

Post-exposure effects of the piscicide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) on the stress response and liver metabolic capacity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

“…Non-target fishes are routinely exposed to TFM during treatments [ 14 ], which can lead to significant TFM accumulation in their tissues, but the compound is rapidly cleared from the body following treatment due to their greater detoxification ability [ 15 – 17 ]. Because TFM uncouples oxidative phosphorylation, exposure to high concentrations over several hours results in significantly reduced high energy phosphagens and glycogen reserves in rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) muscle and brain [ 12 ].…”