2019
DOI: 10.3390/su11205643
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Evaluation of the Total Organic Carbon (TOC) Using Different Artificial Intelligence Techniques

Abstract: Total organic carbon (TOC) is an essential parameter used in unconventional shale resources evaluation. Current methods that are used for TOC estimation are based, either on conducting time-consuming laboratory experiments, or on using empirical correlations developed for specific formations. In this study, four artificial intelligence (AI) models were developed to estimate the TOC using conventional well logs of deep resistivity, gamma-ray, sonic transit time, and bulk density. These models were developed bas… Show more

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Cited by 37 publications
(14 citation statements)
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References 41 publications
(59 reference statements)
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“…Training models require an increment of energy consumption due to the resource's utilization and operation calculations. The leading research in this topic focuses on evaluating energy consumption in terms of software (i.e., language programming libraries for AI) [103] and hardware levels (i.e., identifying critical circuit paths during AI operations) [104]. In our infrastructure, we focus on the software level in the computational service.…”
Section: Societal and Environmental Well-beingmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Training models require an increment of energy consumption due to the resource's utilization and operation calculations. The leading research in this topic focuses on evaluating energy consumption in terms of software (i.e., language programming libraries for AI) [103] and hardware levels (i.e., identifying critical circuit paths during AI operations) [104]. In our infrastructure, we focus on the software level in the computational service.…”
Section: Societal and Environmental Well-beingmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Machine learning techniques are used in several scientific and engineering fields since the early 1990s to solve complicated non-linear problems. Petroleum engineers and petroleum geologists use different machine learning techniques to solve problems related to petroleum industry, such as the characterization of the heterogeneous hydrocarbon reservoirs [33,34], evaluation of the reserve of unconventional reservoirs [35][36][37][38], estimation of the rock mechanical parameters, such as the static Poisson's ratio in carbonate reservoirs [39] and the static Young's modulus for sandstone reservoirs [24,40], evaluation of the integrity of wellbore casing [41,42], optimization of drilling hydraulics [43], evaluation of pore pressure and fracture pressure [44,45], hydrocarbon recovery factor estimation [46,47], determination of the alteration in the drilling fluids rheology in real-time [48,49], optimization of rate of penetration [50,51], prediction of the formation tops [52], and others.…”
Section: Applications Of Machine Learning In Petroleum Engineeringmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…AI techniques are used extensively in applications related to different engineering and scientific research areas [15][16][17][18][19][20], including in the petroleum industry where they can solve complicated problems such as prediction of drill bit wear from drilling parameters [21], real-time predictions of alterations in drilling fluid rheology [22,23], lithology identification [24], prediction of total organic carbon for the evaluation of unconventional resources [25][26][27][28][29], estimation of the oil recovery factor [30,31], estimation of pore and fracture pressures [32,33], evaluation of the static Young's modulus [34][35][36], estimation of the reservoir porosity [37], evaluation of the bubble point pressure [38], and the prediction of formation tops [39].…”
Section: Application Of Artificial Intelligence For Rate Of Penetratimentioning
confidence: 99%