Evaluation of the use of coconut to treat chronic diarrhea in rhesus macaques (<i>Macaca mulatta</i>)

Wilk, Jennifer; Maginnis, Gwen M.; Coleman, Kristine; Lewis, Anne D.; Ogden, Bryan E.

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0684.2008.00313.x

Cited by 8 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Broad spectrum antibiotic therapy as well as anti-parasitic therapy is usually part of the workup for these cases. While no lesions may be seen at the time of total colonoscopy, the histopathologic evaluation demonstrates crypt changes (hyperplasia, goblet cell depletion, crypt abscesses), surface epithelial changes (attenuation, tufting, exocytosis and micro-ulceration) and expansion of the lamina propria (inflammatory cell infiltrates, fibrosis, and occasional amyloid deposition) (Hird et al, 1984;Adler et al, 1993;Blackwood et al, 2008;Wilk et al, 2008). The disease primarily involves the cecum and proximal ascending colon with a marked thickening of the mucosa and may involve inflammatory reflux into the terminal ileum.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Idiopathic Microscopic Colitis of Rhesus Macaques: Quantitative Assessment of Colonic Mucosa

Ardeshir

Oslund

Ventimiglia

et al. 2013

The Anatomical Record

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Idiopathic chronic diarrhea (ICD) is a common cause of morbidity and mortality among juvenile rhesus macaques. While lesions may be absent at colonoscopy, the histopathologic evaluation of the biopsy specimens is consistent with human macroscopic colitis (MC). In this study, we developed an isotropic uniform random sampling method to evaluate macroscopic and microscopic changes and applied it on proximal ascending colon in monkeys. Colonic tissue and peripheral blood specimens were collected from six MC and six control juvenile macaques at necropsy. Uniform random samples were collected from the colon using punch biopsy tools. The volume of epithelium and lamina propria were estimated in thick (25 µm) sections using point probes and normalized to the area of muscularis mucosae. Our data suggests a significant increase of the Vs of the lamina propria (1.9 fold, p=0.02) and epithelium (1.4 fold, p=0.05) in subjects with MC. The average colonic surface mucosa area in the MC monkeys increased 1.4 fold over the controls (p=0.02). The volume of the proximal colon in animals with MC showed a 2.4 fold increase over the non-diarrhea control monkeys (p=0.0001). Cytokine, chemokine, and growth factor levels in peripheral blood were found to be correlated with the volume estimate of the lamina propria and epithelium. We found that ICD in macaques has features which simulates human MC and can be used as a spontaneous animal model for human MC. Furthermore, this developed sampling method can be used for unbiased evaluation of therapeutics in clinical trials of this animal model.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Idiopathic Microscopic Colitis of Rhesus Macaques: Quantitative Assessment of Colonic Mucosa

Ardeshir

Oslund

Ventimiglia

et al. 2013

The Anatomical Record

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“…As such, there is a great demand for immunologically and genetically characterized animals that are in good health status and free of pathogens and parasites [Cohen, ; Desrosier, ; Roberts et al, ; Sestak et al, ]. Because CDD is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in colonies of captive rhesus macaques [Prongay et al, ; Sestak et al, ; Wilk et al, ], the disease significantly diminishes the domestic supply of available healthy rhesus macaques. Despite attempts to establish patterns, causes, effects of health and other conditions [Elfenbein & McCowan, ; Farkas et al, ; George & Lerche, ; Good et al, ; Prongay et al, ], the perceived complexity of its etiology makes managing this disease challenging.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While environmental factors may include diet, housing, social exposure and rank [Howell et al, ; Prongay et al, ], variation in diversity and composition of the gastrointestinal (GI) or gut microbiota may influence symptoms [Farkas et al, ; McKenna et al, ; Wilk et al, ]. On the other hand, the environment of an animal, including its social environment, may present stressors in addition to differential risks of exposure to pathogens [Hawley et al, ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recovirus infection appears to be common among captive rhesus macaques, with 11.6% of randomly selected juvenile rhesus macaques at the Tulane National Primate Research Center (TNPRC) shedding virus in stool samples [Farkas et al, ] and 63% of juveniles testing positive for Recovirus neutralizing antibodies [Farkas et al, ]. Enteric pathogens such as Shigella, Campylobacter , Yersinia , and Salmonella species, and parasitic flora including Trichuris spp., flagellates, and Balantidium coli have also been isolated from animals with chronic diarrhea [Wilk et al, ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Familial aggregation of chronic diarrhea disease (CDD) in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)

Kanthaswamy

Elfenbein

Ardeshir

et al. 2013

American J Primatol

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Chronic diarrheal disease (CDD) is a critical problem for breeders of captive rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta), as it results in significant levels of morbidity and death annually. As with other inflammatory disorders, CDD is thought to be caused by environmental and/or genetic factors. Although correspondence between the characters defined as Mendelian by pedigree or segregation analysis and functional genes is difficult to establish, such analyses provide essential entry points into understanding CDD in captive bred rhesus macaques. To investigate the familial aggregation of CDD in captive rhesus macaque, we performed pedigree, segregation and heritability analyses on genealogical data from 55 severely affected individuals (probands) through whom relatives with a history of CDD were ascertained from routine computerized colony records comprising vital and demographic statistics of 10,814 rhesus macaques. We identified 175 rhesus macaques with CDD and estimated its incidence as approximately 2% in the colony. The disease strongly clustered in eight multi-generation pedigrees. Inspection of the pedigrees, segregation analysis and heritability estimate of CDD suggest that susceptibility to the disease is under strong genetic control. Identification of the locations of susceptibility genes in the rhesus macaque genome could facilitate the reduction of their frequency in captive breeding facilities.

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“…Diarrheal disease is particularly challenging to manage in social housing environments. Dehydrated or cachexic animals must be removed from their social group for treatment [Munoz-Zanzi et al, 1999; Wilk et al, 2008]. Removal from the social group disrupts the group hierarchy and deprives the sick animal of essential group contact.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Factor Analysis May Provide Clues to Diarrhea Prevention in Outdoor‐Housed Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta)

Prongay

Park

Murphy

2013

American J Primatol

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Seventy-five percent of rhesus macaques at national primate research centers are housed outside. Annually, 15–39% of these animals experience diarrhea and require veterinary treatment for dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, or weight loss. An estimated 21–33% of these patients will die or be euthanized. Many studies have explored the various infectious etiologies of non-human primate diarrhea. However, there is little published information on diarrhea incidence rates and risk factors in outdoor-housed rhesus macaques. Without this information, it is challenging to determine endemic and epidemic diarrhea levels, or to develop and evaluate mitigation strategies. Using electronic medical records, we conducted a retrospective cohort study to calculate diarrhea incidence rates for rhesus macaques (N = 3,181) housed in three different outdoor housing types (corrals, shelters, and temporary housing) at the Oregon National Primate Research Center between November 1, 2009 and October 31, 2010. With multiple logistic regression analysis, we determined the relative risk of housing type, sex, and age on development of diarrhea. Diarrhea incidence and mortality in our population was lower than many published ranges. Type of outdoor housing, age, and previous diarrhea episode were positively correlated with diarrhea risk. Younger animals in smaller shelters and temporary housing had a greater risk of acquiring diarrhea, with juvenile animals (0.7–3.9 years) having the highest mortality rate. Sex was not a risk factor, but adult females with diarrhea were more likely to develop life-threatening complications than adult males. We also constructed a predictive model for diarrhea-associated mortality using Classification and Regression Tree. Findings from this study will be used to develop and evaluate mitigation strategies in our outdoor-housed population and to provide a foundation for genetic susceptibility and immune function testing.

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Evaluation of the use of coconut to treat chronic diarrhea in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)

Abstract: Data of chi-squared analysis obtained from eight rhesus macaques with chronic diarrhea showed that the use of coconut macaroons as a dietary supplement did not have a statistically significant effect on their diarrhea.

Cited by 8 publications

References 10 publications

Idiopathic Microscopic Colitis of Rhesus Macaques: Quantitative Assessment of Colonic Mucosa

Idiopathic Microscopic Colitis of Rhesus Macaques: Quantitative Assessment of Colonic Mucosa

Familial aggregation of chronic diarrhea disease (CDD) in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)

Risk Factor Analysis May Provide Clues to Diarrhea Prevention in Outdoor‐Housed Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta)

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