Evaluation of Toxic, Cytotoxic, Mutagenic, and Antimutagenic Activities of Natural and Technical Cashew Nut Shell Liquids Using theAllium cepaandArtemia salinaBioassays

Abstract

The cashew nut releases a substance that is known as cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL). There are both natural (iCNSL) and technical (tCNSL) cashew nut shell liquids. This study used an Artemia salina bioassay to evaluate the toxic effects of iCNSL and tCNSL cashew nut shell liquids. It also evaluated the toxicity, cytotoxicity, and mutagenicity of CNSL and its effects on the damage induced by copper sulfate (CuSO4·5H2O) on the meristems' root of Allium cepa. Effects of the damage induced by CuSO4·5H2O were evaluated before (pre-), during (co-), and after (post-) treatments. The iCNSL contained 94.5% anacardic acid, and the tCNSL contained 91.3% cardanol. The liquids were toxic to A. salina. Toxicity, cytotoxicity, and mutagenicity were observed with iCNSL compared with the negative control. Similarly, iCNSL failed to inhibit the toxicity and cytotoxicity of CuSO4·5H2O. The tCNSL was not toxic, cytotoxic, or mutagenic in any of the concentrations. However, the lowest iCNSL concentrations and all of the tCNSL concentrations had preventive, antimutagenic, and reparative effects on micronuclei and on chromosomal aberrations in the A. cepa. Therefore, protective, modulating, and reparative effects may be observed in the A. cepa, depending on the concentration and type of CNSL used.

Evaluation of Toxicity and Antimicrobial Activity of an Ethanolic Extract from Leaves of Morus alba L. (Moraceae)

“…The phytochemical screening of the extract revealed the presence of coumarins, flavonoids, tannins, and triterpenes ( Table 1 ). Toxicity of the extract was firstly evaluated using the microcrustacean A. salina , which is often used as a preliminary indicator of general toxicity of plant compounds; also, it is reported that toxicity to A. salina has a correlation with possible antitumor activity [ 30 , 31 ]. The results showed that the extract had no toxicity at all the tested concentrations, suggesting that it does not have a general toxicity.…”

Assessment of genetic integrity, splenic phagocytosis and cell death potential of (Z)-4-((1,5-dimethyl-3-oxo-2-phenyl-2,3dihydro-1H-pyrazol-4-yl) amino)-4-oxobut-2-enoic acid and its effect when combined with commercial chemotherapeutics

“…If these lines of defense are still insufficient, the body may also facilitate the excretion of xenobiotics through detoxification enzymes, making them more water soluble and, thus, assisting their elimination by the kidneys ( Cordon-Cardo et al , 1989 ; Hooiveld et al , 2001 ), while modulating the DNA repair system. This last line of defense is associated with bioantimutagenesis, in which enzymes are modulated by test compounds, thus favoring the correction and integrity of the genetic material, reducing the probability of developing cancer ( Oliveira et al , 2009b ; Nakamura et al , 1999 ; Di Giacomo et al , 2014 ; Leite et al , 2015 ).…”

Cytogenotoxic and mutagenic profiling of cashew nut shell liquids and cardanol

“…The following parameters were used: interface = 270°C, injector = 250°C, initial temperature = 60°C (2 min), 4.0 mL/min to 180°C (4 min), and 10 mL/min to 260°C (10 min). Identification was achieved by comparing mass spectra (43 to 4500 Da, electron impact ionization, 70 eV) MS [16,25].…”